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final micro test 4
Cardiovascular and lymphatic infections
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| moderate # can enter bloodstream, & blood may become infected due to invasive procedures. Blood and lymph contain many phagocytes, and low in iron these are things of? | Sepsis and Septic Shock |
| Sepsis & Septic Shock has bacteria that | proligerate if defensins fail |
| Speticemia is | acute illness, presence of persistence of microbes in blood |
| first clue of sepsis is | fever, chills, accelerated breathing increased heart rate |
| spetic shock | organ failure, uncontrollable low blood pressure, mortality rate rapidly increases |
| Most often cause of septic shock | is release of endotoxins --> only gram (-) retained within in cell |
| initial symptoms not alarming with gram (-) sepsis because | usually non-specific, treatment not usually administered, and rapid progression to lethal stage |
| Gram (-) sepsis lethal stage treatment may lead to more ________. may attempt ______ | endotoxins, antibiotics |
| gram (-) sepsis lethal stage pt given neutralizing drugs for ____ & _____ inflammation | LPS, cytokine |
| Xigris is used for lethal stage of sepsis what does it do | it reduces clotting and is very expensive and only works in a minority of cases |
| Gram (+) sepsis is the most? | Common |
| Gram (+) sepsis exotoxins leads to | Shock |
| most common cause of neonatal sepsis | streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep) |
| CDC testing recommendations for neonatal sepsis | prior to vaginal birth, LIM broth and antibiotics during labor |
| Puerperal sepsis AKA | puerperal fever/childbirth fever |
| Puerperal sepsis is a ______ infection | nosocomial |
| Puerperal sepsis begins as | uterus infection |
| what is the bug that usually causes puerperal sepsis | Streptococcus pyogens (group A strep) |
| Progression from uterus to abdominal cavity can lead to | puerperal sepsis |
| Puerperal sepsis is transmitted by hands or | instruments usually bu birthing process |
| puerperal sepsis can be treated with____ and prevented by______ | penicillin and hygiene |
| The heart has three layers what is the innermost layer named? | endocardium |
| when there is inflammation of the endocardium what is it called. | endocarditis |
| what is two types of endocarditis in the heart | subacute & acute |
| what is the usual cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis | alpha hemolytic streptococci |
| these two cocci may also be involved with subacute bacterial endocarditis but not as common what are they? | enterococci & Staphylococci |
| subacute bacterial endocarditis tend to arise from other infections can you name some of these | teeth, tonsils, body piercings (nose, tounge, nipples) |
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis may be cleared ______. | quickly |
| these things could complicate subacute bacterial endocarditis | abnormal heart valve, congential heart defects, rheumatic fever |
| if subacute bacterial endocarditis is untreated what would the outcome be? | fatal |
| Acute bacterial endocarditis is caused by what bug? | staphylococcus aureus |
| acute bacterial endocarditis finds way from initial site to the? | heart valves |
| acute bacterial endocarditis causes rapid | destruction of heart valves |
| if acute bacterial endocarditis is untreated it will be fatal within a | few days |
| staphylococcus can calso cause | pericarditis |
| Rheumatic Fever is caused by what bug? | streptococcus pyogenes |
| rheumatic fever is a _________ complication | autoimmune |
| rheumatic fever is usually seen in this age group | 4-18 years |
| with rheumatic fever you may see short periods of ______ & _______. | arthritis & Fever |
| it is also possible to see subcutaneous _______ at joints with Rheumatic fever | nodules |
| 1/2 the cases of rheumatic fever will cause this | Heart valve damage |
| heart valve damage in rheumatic fever is due to this | the M protein is missed directed and attacks the heart |
| the damage from the M protein in rheumatic fever can damage the heart and lead to heart failure and possible | death |
| a autoimmune response to strep throat can cause this | Rheumatic Fever |
| prophalictic injectionso f PCN G is given to prevent ______ until child is no longer getting strep throat | Rheumatic Fever |
| 10% of people who have Rheumatic fever develop this | Sydenham's chorea |
| Sydenham's chorea is also known as | Saint Vitus' Dance |
| Zoonotic disease is found in | rabbit & ground squrrels |
| Tularemia | Franscisella tularensis |
| Francisella tularensis can lead to? | Sepsis |
| Francisella tularensis is what gram? | gram (-) rod |
| francisella tularensis creats | ulcers |
| Tularemia caused the lymph nodes to | enlarge |
| in tularemia bacteria multiplies in the | macrophages |
| 90% in U.S. due to contact with rabbits aka rabbit fever what am I | tularemia |
| Tularemia can also be transmitted by ______ or ______, aka deer fly fever | ticks or insects |
| the respiratory form of tularemia is caused by? | inhalation of contaminted dust, pneumonia and is on reportable list |
| what is the treatment of tularemia | intracellular location concern in treatment, also use tetracycline |
| Brucellosis is also known as (AKA) | undulating fever |
| what is the most common brucellosis | bacterial zoonosis |
| brucellosis is not usually | fatal |
| Brucellosis persists in _______ system | reticuloendothelial |
| brucellosis is adapt at evading what type of cells | phagocytic cells |
| brucellosis can infect many of these | organ sytems |
| brucellosis is caused by this bug | brucella bacteria |
| brucella bacteria is a gram ()? | gram (-) coccobacillus |
| brucella bacteria is _____ and easily _____, this bug is also a potential _______ agent. | small, aerosolized, bioterrorism |
| Brucellosis has 3 imortant species what are they? | Brucella abortus, Brucella sius, brucella melitensis |
| Brucella abortus is found in ______ and causes this | Cattle, spontaneous abortion |
| Brucella sius normally infects _____, and causes this | swine, spontaneous abortaion |
| Brucella melitensis is the most ______, and causes most ______ cases, was an endemic in _____ and was imported into the _______. | serious, human cases, mexico, U.S. |
| what are the symptoms for brucellosis? | wide range, fever usually rising and falling, night sweats, and muscle aches |
| how do you diagnose Brucellosis | serological test and a definitive would be isolation of brucella from blood or tissue |
| how do you treat brucellosis | combination therapy, at least two antibiotics and is long term |
| Anthrax what is the bug | bacillus anthracis |
| bacillus anthracis is isolated by | Koch method |
| bacillus anthracis is a large gram? | large gram (+) rod |
| bacillus anthracis is a _____ former | endospore |
| bacillus anthracis is ____ and a _____ grower | aerobic, slow |
| anthrax is usually found in ______ animales who consume spores from grass. | grazing |
| examples of these animales carring anthrax is | cattle and sheep |
| 90% e.Faecium VRE has to do with gram (+) | gram (+) sepsis |
| these people are at risk at getting anthrax who are they | animal handlers, and those that work with wool and animal products |
| explain the process of anthrax | infection caused by endospores, taken up by macrophages, it germinates, and then relesaes bacteria into the bloodstream, it replicates rapidly and secretes toxins |
| the virulence of anthrax has two exotoxins and these 2 have ability to gain entry to the cell what are these two | edema toxin, lethal toxin |
| tell me about anthrax edema toxin | localized edema and prevents phagocytosis |
| tell me about anthrax lethal toxins | targets and kill macrophages |
| anthrax consits of a capsule composed of? | amino acids and proligerates incontrollable |
| there are 3 forms of anthrax what are they? | cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation (pulmonary) |
| 90% of cutaneous anthrax occures _______, it enters through skin ______, and forms _______. this ______ ruptures, and creates black ______. | naturally, lesion, papule, papule, eschar |
| cutaneous anthrax s/s are? and it rarely enters _______, and has a mortality rate of ___% if untreated | low grade fever, malaise, bloodstream, 20% |
| Gastrointestinal anthrax is due to the ingestion of ______. S/S include _____ and abdominal ______. a key charteristic is ______ diarrhea due to ulcerated ______ in GI tract. Mortality rate is ___% if untreated. | spores, nausea, pain, bloody, lesions 50% |
| if you were to eat uncooked foods such as hamburger what could you get | Gastrointestinal anthrax |
| Inhalation anthrax is the most _______, and caused by the inhalation of ______. | dangerous, endospores |
| 1st day symptoms of inhalation anthrax are not alarming because they include. | mild fever, cough, some chest pain |
| in the 1st stage of inhalation anthrax it can be stopped but if its now it will lead to these symptoms and kill the patient in this many hours | bacteria enters bloodstream, proliferates, 24-36 hours |
| isolation and ID of _____ anthracis requires level ____ lab | bacillus, 3 |
| live stock are often vaccinated againt? | anthrax |
| if wound causes ischemia wound becomes anaerobic, leads to necrosis, dying tissue provides nutrients these are charistics of | Gangrene |
| the bug that causes gangrene is | clostridium perfringens |
| clostridium perfringens are found in? | soil, intestinal tract of animals and humans |
| clostridium perfringens is a gram ___ ____. | gram (+) rod |
| clostridium oerfringens has terminal ____ and is tennis racket shaped | endospores |
| clostridium perfringens causes this | gas gangrene |
| gangreneproduces ___ and ___ | CO2 and H2 |
| the CO2 and H2 leads to ____ in gangrene | swelling of tissue |
| the bacteria in gangrene produces | toxins |
| the toxins and bacteria enter bloodstream and leads to | systemic infeection |
| the enzymes in gangrene degrade | collagen |
| Paseurell is caused by | dog and cat bites |
| the bug for pasteurella is | pasteurella multocida |
| pasteurella multocida is what gram | gram (-) rod |
| cat scratch disease is also known as | cat scratch fever |
| the bug that causes cat scratch fever is | bartonella henselae |
| bartonella henselae is what gram and what air? | gram (-) rod, aerobic |
| bartonella henselae infects within the cats? | RBC |
| how is cat scratch fever transmitted | by scratch |
| rat bite fever is uncommon and ___% result in disease | 10% |
| what are the two main causes for rat bite feer | streptobacillus monilliformis, spirllum minus |
| streptobacillus monilliformis is a gram ____ ____, and is highly ___________. | gram (-) rod, pleomorphic |
| what are the symptoms of rat bite fever | rash on extremitis and mortality rate of 10% |
| Spirillum minus (rat bite fever) in Asia is known as? | Sodoku |
| spirillum minus is a gram (-) _____, and require microscopic diagnosis | spirillium |
| this dieses killed more school aged children then all diseases combined in the 20th century | rheumatic fever |
| 1894 Alexander Yersin was the founder of the? | Plague |
| there is a connection between fleas and ____. but fleas carried this diseas | rats, plague |
| plague was one of the 1st acts of this | bio-terrorism |
| what is the main vector of the plague | the rat flea |
| there are 3 types of plague this one is spread by the fleas and this appears, and what kind of plague am I | bubo appears, bubonic plague |
| a bubo is defined as swollen ____ nodes, and ____ to the touch, you have flue like symptoms and a fever as high as____. | lymph, hot, 104 |
| this plague cannot be spread person to person | bubonic plague |
| septicemic plague traditonally comes from the bubo and is found in the ____, and in addition to flu symptoms, confusion _____ shock, and this can occur | blood, septic, seizures |
| ring around the rosey was created because of this disease | the plague |
| the plague leads to narcrotic tissue known as | black death |
| with the plague blood draw must be done between ___ & ____ mins apart. | 10-30 |
| septicemic plague is also not spread | person to person |
| the worst form of the plague is? | pneumonic |
| pneumonic plague is very rare and is spread _____ to ______ adn there is no _____ involved. | person to person, flea |
| a chaartistic sign with pneumonic plague is | cough and bloody sputum |
| pneumonic plague can lead to respiratory failue and ______. there is no bubos but the lymph nodes are _____. | shock, tender |
| the causitive organism of pneumonic plague is | yersinia pestis |
| yersinia pestis requires oxygen and is considred ______ aerobic, is a gram () rod, and they do not move on their own, and do not form ______. | facultative, (-), spores |
| the gram stain for yersinia is special as it has this apperance due to central vaculoe | safety pin apperance |
| Yersinia pestis has to be in a special level 3 lab with mice, yersinia pestis also has a special proten what is the protein and what is called | glycoprotein envelope called fraction 1 |
| this glycoprotein in yersinia pestis must be looked for with this test | FA testing |
| in FA culture you look for the presens of this. | the presence of F1 antigen |
| how do you prevent the plague | control, rat and flea population |
| relapsing fever has three differnt bugs what are they? | Borrelia hermsii, borrelia parkerii, borrellia turicatae |
| relapsing fever is transmitted by | soft ticks |
| what are the symptoms of relapsing fever | fever over 40c, jaundice, rose colored skin spots and 3-5 days fever subsides |
| how do you diagnose relapsing fever | observation of spirochete in blood (FDA) |
| HX of lyme disease | 1975 lyme connecticut, 1982 borrelia burgdorferi/ dr. w. burgdorfer |
| causative agent of lyme disease | borrelia burgdorferi |
| borrelia burgdorferi is the largest _____ shaped | Spiral |
| these are characteristics of what bug? motil, 3 layered cell wall, and gram (-) | borrelia burgdorferi |
| Borrelia burgodorferi has the ability to change shapes of ____, it can lay _____, and cause____ it also has a _____ layer | antigens, dormant, replapse, slime |
| the antigen on the inner membrane of borrelia burgdorferi confuses the _____ system and unable to ____ easily | immune, kill |
| how is borrelia burgdorferi transferred | Ixodes deer tick, and ixodes pacificus tick pacific coastal |
| borrelia burgdorferi is also transmiited by | mice, squirrels, small animals and the deer tick |
| what are key charistics of lyme disease | bulls eye rask, and immune and nervous system affected |
| this is a later sign and symptoms of lyme disease | Strange behavior-> delayed behavior, drastic mood swings |
| the advance stages of lyme disease is | facial paralysis, CNS |
| how do you diagnose lyme disease | ELISA, western blot (similiar to elisa but looks for proteins) |
| it takes Borellia burgdorferi ___ to___ hours to divide compared to staphylococcus and streptococcus 20 mins to double, this makes it hard to detect | 12-24 hours |
| how do you remove a tick | tweezers, close to skin, soap and water, no squashing |
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krw882
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