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Muscular System MT
Flashcards for my MT school test on the muscular system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscle tissue characteristic: Excitability | The ability of muscles to receive and respond to stimuli |
| Muscle tissue characteristic: Contractility | the ability of muscle tissue to actively generate force to shorten and thicken to do work |
| Muscle tissue characteristic: Extensibility | The ability of the muscle tissue to be stretched (extended) |
| Muscle tissue characteristic: Elasticity | The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape (contraction or extension) |
| Circular muscles | These muscles appear circular in shape and are normally sphincter muscles which surround an opening such as the mouth, surrounded by Oblicularis Oris and Obicularis Oculi surrounding the eyes. |
| Convergent Muscles | These are muscles where the origin is wider than the point of inscertion. This fiber arrangement allows for maximum force production. _____ muscles are also sometimes known as triangular muscles. |
| Parallel Muscles | ____ muscles have fibers which, as the name suggests run parallel to each other and are sometimes called strap muscles. They are normally long muscles which cause large movements, are not very strong but have good endurance. |
| Pennate Muscles | _____ muscles have a large number of muscle fibers per unit and so are very strong, but tire easily, they can be divided into: Unipennate Bipennate Multipennate |
| Unipennate | These muscles have their fibers arranged to insert in a diagonal direction onto the tendon, which allows great strength. Examples include the lumbricals, and extensor digitorum longus |
| Bipennate | These muscles have two rows of muscle fibers, facing in opposite diagonal directions, which a central tendon, like a feather. This allows even greater power but less range of motion. An example is Rectus Femoris. |
| Multipennate | As the name suggests ___ muscles have multiple rows of diagonal fibers, with a central tendon which branches into two or more tendons. An example is the deltoid muscle which has three sections. |
| Fusiform Muscles | Sometimes included in the parallel muscles group, these muscles are more spindle shaped with the muscle belly being wider than the origin and insertion. Examples are Biceps Brachii and Psoas Major. |
| Functions of the muscular system: | Motion (both reflexive and voluntary) Maintenance of posture Heat Production |
| Layer of muscle 1 | Epimysium. Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the epimysium. Portions of the epimysium project inward to divide the muscles into compartments. |
| Layer of muscle 2 | Perimysium. Each bundle of muscle fibers is called a fascicle and is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. |
| Layer of muscle 3 | Endomysium. Within the fascicle, each individual muscle cell, called a muscle fiber, is surrounded by connective tissue called the endomysium. |
| Layer of muscle 4 | The muscle fiber / aka / the muscle cell |
| Connective tissues (epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium) extension | These connective tissues extend beyond the muscle tissue to form the tendon or aponeurosis. Tendons and aponeurosis form indirect attachments from muscles to the periosteum of bones or to the connective tissues of other muscles. |
| Muscles contraction needs | Before a skeletal muscle fiber can contract, it has to receive, and impulse from a nerve cell. An artery and at least one vein accompany each nerve that supplies a skeletal muscle. |
| Slow twitch muscle fibers | Use oxygen to contract; therefore they have numerous mitochondria and large concentration of myoglobin, a globular protein that carries oxygen. They require a steady supply of oxygen so they contract slowly but can continue to work for extended periods. |
| Fast twitch muscle fibers | Work using anaerobic metabolism. They are good for short bursts of energy such as that required for weight lifting and sprinting. |
| Resting potential | At rest, there is a slightly negative charge inside the cell membrane as compared to outside the cell membrane. The cell is constantly working to maintain the resting potential via the sodium-potassium pumps. |
| Sodium-Potassium pumps. | Each pump transports two ions of poassium into the cell for every three ions of sodium pumped out. Thus the cell maintains a slightly negative charge. At rest more sodium is present outside the cell, and more potassium inside the cell than outside. |
| Action potential sequence 1 | An action potential travels along a motor nerve to its endings on the muscle fibers. |
| Action potential sequence 2 | At each ending, the nerve secretes a small amount of neurotransmitter called acetycholine, which opens channels in each muscle fiber membrane |
| Action potential sequence 3 | This allows sodium ions to flow into the muscle fiber membrane initiating an action potential in the muscle fiber membrane |
| Action potential sequence 4 | The action potential travels deep within the muscle fiber. Here it causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium |
| Action potential sequence 5 | The calcium inactivates troponin, a component of the actin filaments that prevents binding between the actin and myosin filaments. |
| Action potential sequence 6 | Adenosine triphosphate activate the myosin heads The heads attach to actin bend to the H-band and then release The actin filaments slide toward each other while the myosin filaments do not move This step occurs repeatedly until the contraction is complete |
| Action potential sequence 7 | After a fraction of a second, calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the contraction ends. |
| Muscular Atrophy | A state of wasting away of muscles (disease, or degeneration) |
| Muscular Hypertrophy | The reverse of atrophy, it is and increase in the diameters of muscle fibers. More forceful contractions produce hypertrophy. New fibers are not created after birth |
| Myoglobin | A reddish pigment which stores oxygen until needed for muscle contraction |
| Oxygen Debt | When muscles become depleted of oxygen due to excessive use. The respiratory system cannot keep up. Increased heart rate and breathing. |
| Muscle fatigue | A condition of prolonged muscle contraction where oxygen deprivation becomes extreme. Caused by excessive activity, malnutrition, cardiovascular disturbances, and respiratory disturbance. |
| Proprioceptive sensory Receptors in muscles | Proprioceptive is a system of sensory and motor nerve activity that provides information as to the position and rate of movement of different body parts to the central nervous system. |
| Muscle spindles | Cells that are distributed throughout the bell of muscles. They send information to the nervous system about the muscle's length or rate of change of its length. To prevent excessive stretching, the spindles initiate muscle stretch reflexes. |
| Golgi Tendon Organs | This recptor lies near the muscle-tendon junctionIt transmits information regarding the tension in the muscle to the brain and spinal cord. It causes an inhibitory respond and limits excessive tension in the muscle that might otherwise lead to tearing. |
| Origin | The attachment of a muscle tendon to the stationary bone. It only moves a little relative to the insertion |
| Insertion | The attachment of the other muscle tendon to the more more mobile bone I-I move |
| Agonist | When an isolated and specific action occurs, the muscle responsible for that action is the agonist aka prime mover |
| Antagonist | When the prime mover contracts there is a muscle that causes an opposite action called the antagonist example: (biceps/triceps) |
| Synergists | Muscles that assist the prime mover |
| The seven different naming criteria for muscles | Location > Shape > Relative Size > Origins and Insertions > Number of Origins > Direction > Action |
| Isotonic Contractions | When a muscle contracts and the distance between the end of a muscle changes |
| Isotonic Concentric | Muscle that shortens while it contracts |
| Isotonic Eccentric | Muscle lengthens while it contracts |
| Isometric Contractions | When a muscle contracts and the ends of the muscle do not move or the body part that the muscle affects does not move. |
Created by:
JPZepeda
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