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PHHS - APHUG Unit 6
PHHS - APHUG: Important vocab for Unit 6 - Industrialization and Economic Devel.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| resources that are finite in amount; once they are used up they are gone | non-renewable resources |
| resources that are infinite in amount and can be used over and over again | renewable resources |
| concept that the value of a manufactured product is greater than the sum of its raw materials | value-added processing |
| product that is expected to last/be used for more than one year | durable good |
| product that is expected to last/be used for less than one year | non-durable good |
| the process that a good takes, starting off as raw materials, being refined/processed/manufactured/assembled, and ending with the good reaching consumers | commodity chain or supply chain |
| service jobs that are usually low pay, little/no benefits offered | low-benefit services |
| service jobs that are higher (usually salaried) pay, benefits offered | high-benefit services |
| one of the five required inputs for manufacturing; physical things that are changed somehow to produce a good | raw materials |
| one of the five required inputs for manufacturing; people are needed to perform work | labor |
| one of the five required inputs for manufacturing; raw materials need to get to factories, and finished products need to get to consumers | transportation |
| one of the five required inputs for manufacturing; facilities and services are needed for the factory to operate/be efficient | infrastructure |
| one of the five required inputs for manufacturing; a "power source" is needed to do the work | energy |
| industries where the raw materials and manufacturing are located in the same place | primary industries |
| industries where the raw materials and manufacturing are located in different places with some amount distance in between | secondary industries |
| states that three factors are considered in the decision of where to locate secondary industries: variable costs, friction of distance, and distance decay | location theory |
| states that three costs will attempt to be minimized when considering where to locate secondary industries: transportation, labor, and agglomerations | least cost theory |
| principle that industries can absorb the one cost increase as long as another input descreases in cost | substitution principle |
| occurs when agglomerations become over-developed and lead to increasing costs of land, labor, and transportation | deglomeration |
| industries that use large, bulky raw materials to create smaller, lighter finished products | weight losing industries |
| industries that assemble many small, light parts into a large, bulky finished product | weight gaining industries |
| process where one company oversees all steps in a commodity chain | Fordism |
| movement that introduced mechanization in the secondary sector | Industrial Revolution |
| one of the primary industrial regions; includes England, France, Germany, and northern Italy | Central and Western Europe |
| one of the primary industrial regions; includes northeastern United States and southeastern Canada | Eastern North America |
| one of the primary industrial regions; includes central Asia | Russia and Ukraine |
| one of the primary industrial regions; includes China and Japan | East Asia |
| ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost | comparitive advantage |
| place where transported cargo is transferred to another type of carrier | break-of-bulk point |
| Chinese cities not subject to normal communist economic laws | Special Economic Zones (SEZs) |
| exports zones in northern Mexico that primarily manufacture goods for export to the United States | maquiladoras |
| divides the world into categories: 1st world/2nd world/3rd world | Cold War model |
| 3rd world states that do not have a functioning economy | 4th world states |
| 3rd world states that do not have a functioning economy, nor a functioning government | 5th world states |
| theory that divides the world economically into cores, peripheries, and semi-peripheries | World Systems Theory |
| South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore; industrialized in the 1950s-1970s through U.S. foreign aid | Old Asian Tigers |
| China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines; industrialized in the 1980s-1990s through foreign direct investment | New Asian Tigers |
| total value of goods and services produced by one country's citizens in one year | Gross National Product (GNP) |
| total value of goods and services produced in one country in one year | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
| total value of goods and services produced in one country in one year, plus the difference in value of a country's imports and exports | Gross National Income (GNI) |
| when the value of a country's exports is higher than its imports | trade surplus |
| when the value of a country's imports is higher than its exports | trade deficit |
| a calculation made on a "per person" basis | per capita |
| measures the development of a country on a scale of 0 to 1 by analyzing the country's GDP per capita, literacy rate, average education level, and total life expectancy | Human Development Index (HDI) |
| measures income disparity of a country's citizens on a scale of 0-1 or 0-100 | Gini Coefficient |
| measures the inequalities between men and women in a country | Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) |
| theory that all countries will go through 5 similar stages as they industrialize; created by Walt Rostow | Modernization Model |
| three main criticisms of the modernization model: | colonial legacies, government corruption, capital flight |
| theory that countries will get stuck in cycles of debt and repayment as they attempt to industrialize; created by Raul Prebisch | Dependency Theory |
| Possible ways to end the cycle of dependency: | prevent capital flight, create import substitution, nationalize industries, use profit-sharing agreements, develop high technology |
| money given from 1st world to 3rd world countries | foreign aid |
| money loaned from organizations like the World Bank and IMF to developing countries to assist in industrialization and construction of infrastructure | development loans |
| money invested by individuals or corporations in emerging economies with the hopes of making large profits | foreign direct investment |
| the process by which a country shifts from manufacturing to services as the dominant economic sector | deindustrialization |
| reason why America deindustrialized | foreign competition in manufacturing |
| states that retail locations should be placed in areas that meets the threshold number and minimizes the range of consumer travel | retail location theory |
| theory that analyzes desireable traits in areas to attract protential employees | service location theory |
| cities that drive the global economy due to contentrations of money and power | world cities |
| carbon emmissions contribute to the greenhouse effect, a condition known as | global warming |
Created by:
pdeanna
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