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psychology ch. 8.
Human Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span. | Developmental psychology |
| Some children exhibit resilience | Nature-nurture debate |
| are used to obtain information at a particular point in time—Different groups, different ages, tested once. | Cross sectional studies |
| are conducted to evaluate changes over a period of time—same group follows over time. | Longitudinal studies |
| group of individuals born in the same period. | Cohorts |
| proposed that cognitive ability develops in four stages, each involving a qualitatively different way of reasoning and understanding the world. | Piaget |
| Four stages of Development | 1.Sensorimotor stage 2.Preoperational stage 3.Concrete operational stage 4.Formal operational stage |
| A framework to organize and interpret information | Schema |
| The ability to incorporate new knowledge into existing knowledge | Assimilation |
| The ability to adjust schemas to the environment | Accommodation |
| During the ?, infants gain an understanding of the world through their senses and motor activities. | Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) |
| Major achievement of the sensorimotor stage is called? | Object permanence |
| Representing things mentally that they know are physically there | Object Permanence |
| During the ?, children acquire symbolic function | Preoperational Stage (age 2-7) |
| During the preoperational stage, children exhibit what? | egocentrism |
| In the ?, children acquire the concept of conservation | concrete operational stage (age 7 to 11 or 12 years) |
| Conservation develops because children begin to understand | Reversibility |
| In the ? preadolescents and adolescents acquire the capacity for hypothetico-deductive thinking | formal operational stage (age 11 or 12 years and beyond) |
| The ability to apply logical thought to abstract and hypothetical situations in the past, present, and future. | hypothetico-deductive thinking |
| theorists argue that stage-like advances in cognition are due to improvements in processes such as working memory | Information processing |
| Vygotsky’s ? emphasizes that cognitive development occurs within a sociocultural contest in which parents and teachers provide age-appropriate guidance. | sociocultural approach |
| proposed a stage theory of moral development | Lawrence Kohlberg |
| classified moral reasoning into three levels with each level having two stages | Lawrence Kohlberg |
| Lowest level of moral development; “Right” is whatever gains a rewards or avoids punishment | Preconventional level |
| Right and wrong are based on the internalized standards of others “Right” is whatever is approved by others or is consistent with the laws of society | Conventional Level |
| Highest level of moral reasoning; “Right” is whatever furthers basic human rights | Postconventional Level |
| proposed eight psychosocial stages that encompass the entire lifespan | Erik Erikson |
| the view that changes happen throughout the entire human lifespan literally from “womb to tomb.” | Lifespan perspective |
| Birth to 1 year | Basic trust vs. basic mistrust |
| 1 to 3 years | Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
| 3 to 6 years | Initiative vs. guilt |
| 6 years to puberty | Industry vs. Inferiority |
| Adolescence | Identity vs. Role confusion |
| Young adulthood | Intimacy vs. isolation |
| Middle adulthood | Generativity vs. Stagnation |
| Late adulthood | Ego integrity vs. Despair |
| Zygote attaches to the uterine lining; Ends 1 to 2 weeks after conception | Period of the zygote |
| Major systems, organs, and structures of the body develop; 3 to 8 weeks after conception | Period of the embryo |
| Rapid growth and development of body structures, organs, and systems; 9 weeks after conception until birth | Period of the fetus |
| a newborn infant up to one month old, comes equipped with an impressive range of reflexes | neonate |
| built in responses to certain stimuli that they need to ensure survival in their new world. | reflexes |
| found that infants prefer to fixate some objects over others | Robert Fantz |
| Motor development is largely determined by ? | Maturation |
| the natural unfolding of skills and development that has more to do with genetics then environment | Maturation |
| Gibson and Walk designed an apparatus called the ? to measure infants’ ability to perceive depth | visual cliff |
| A person’s behavior style or characteristic way of responding to the environment | Temperament |
| Three general types of temperament emerged from the study: | Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up |
| is the strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver | Attachment |
| ? identified three general types of temperament | Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970) |
| ? found that contact comfort forms the basis of attachment in rhesus monkeys | Harry Harlow |
| Human infants exhibit ? and ?once attachment has formed at about 6 to 8 months of age. | Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety |
| o About 65% of infants o Use mother as a secure base for exploring o Distressed by separation from caregivers, greet caregivers, when they return o More cooperative an content than other infants o Display better social skills as preschool children | Secure attachment |
| o About 20% of infants o Not responsive to mother, not troubled when she leaves o May actively avoid contact with mother after separation | Avoidant attachment |
| o 10 to 15% of infants o Seek close contact with mother, and tend not to branch out and explore o After separation, may display anger toward mother; not easily comforted | Resistent attachment |
| o 5 to 10% of infants o Protest separation, but exhibit contradictory and disoriented behavior when reunited | Disorganized/disoriented attachment |
| Make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioning obedience, punish transgressions | Authoritarian parents |
| Set high but realistic standards, reason with the child, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence | Authoritative parents |
| Make few rules or demands, allow children to make their own decisions and control their own behavior | Permissive parents |
| ? identified 5 stages people go through in coming to terms with death | Elizabeth Kibler-Boss |
| 5 stages people go through in coming to terms with death are:? | o Denial o Anger o Bargaining o Depression o Acceptance |
Created by:
Taylor Boyleston
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