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S2 Science Exam
Heredity and Cell Cycle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Chromosomes | in eukaryotic cells, a structure in the nucleus made up of DNA and protein; in prokaryotic cells, the main ring of DNA |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure, they pair up together |
| Describe mitosis. Which cells does it happen in? | a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes. happens in eukaryotic cells |
| What is binary fission? What type of cells does it happen in? | is when a bacteria cell splits into two parts and each has a copy of the circle of DNA. Happens in prokaryotic cells. |
| What is the cell cycle? What does it result in eukaryotic cells? | life cycle of a cell, from when it is formed to when it divides; produces more cells |
| List the steps of the cell cycle in order. | Interphase, Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), Cytokenesis |
| What happens in interphase? | cell grows, chromosomes (containing DNA) and organelles are copied |
| What are chromatids? | what the two copies of chromosomes are called after they are duplicated in interphase |
| What is the centromere? | Where the chromatids are held together during interphase |
| What happens in prophase? | chromosomes condense from long strands into rod-like structures, each has two identical copies called chromatids |
| complex eukaryotes have _____ chromosomes than simpler ones | more or less, it varies |
| What happens in metaphase? | The chromosomes line up at equator of the cell and nuclear membrane fully dissolves |
| What happens in anaphase? | The chromatids separate into two groups and move to opposite sides of the cell |
| What happens in telophase? | A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes . chromosomes unwind, mitosis is complete |
| What happens in Cytokenesis in cells without a cell wall? | The division of cytoplasm the cell pinches in two, so two new cells form, each with their own DNA |
| What happens in Cytokenesis in cells with a cell wall? (plant cells) | A cell plate forms in the middle of the cell The cell splits into 2 and the plate is replaced by a cell wall, separating the 2 new cells |
| What is a cell plate? | contains material for the new cell walls and membranes |
| Who was Gregor Mendel? What did he discover? | An Autralian monk who performed pea plant experiments at a monastery. Discovered the principles of heredity. |
| What is a characteristic? Give an example. | a feature that has different forms in a population ex. Hair color |
| What is a trait? Give an example | the different forms of a characteristic ex. brown hair |
| What are dominant traits? | the trait seen in the first generation when parents that have different traits reproduce |
| What are recessive traits? | the trait not seen in the first generation but appears in the second when parents that have different traits reproduce |
| What is heredity? | passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| What is self-pollination? | when pollen from the anther of a flower fertilizes the ovule of the same flower |
| What is cross-pollination? | pollen from the anther of one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different plant |
| How is pollen transferred in cross-pollination? | Carried by insects Carried by wind |
| What is a true breeding plant? | A plant whose offspring will have all the same traits when it self pollinates |
| Why was it important that Mendel's plants could both self-pollinate and cross-pollinate | Because if they self pollinate they are true-breeding, and Mendel could be sure of the traits that their offspring would have Cross pollination was important because he cross pollinated the pea plants to test heredity |
| What is a hybrid? | the offspring of two plants from different species |
| What are genes? Give an example | physical part in the chromosome that determines the instructions for an inherited trait ex. Bb |
| What is an allele? Give an example. | different forms of a gene, the physical part of the chromosome that decides a trait ex. B |
| What is a Genotype? Give an example. | the instructions based on the genes for a trait Ex. Bb |
| What is a Phenotype? | the physical appearance of the trait of the organism based on the genotype |
| What is Incomplete dominance? | when traits don’t blend together, but each allele has its own degree of influence |
| What influences traits besides genes? Give an example. | The environment. ex. Genes may include tall, but healthy diet is required to reach full potential height |
| How did Mendel do his experiment? | 1. He took removed the anthers of a pea plant so it could not self pollinate 2. He took pollen from another plant and fertilized it 3. Then he observed the offspring it produced |
| What did Mendel find from his experiments? | For all of the traits, there was a dominant allele and a recessive allele. The dominant one showed up in the first generation of offspring the recessive allele showed up in the second generation |
| What was the ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in the second generation? | 3:1 |
| What is a homozygous genotype? | An organism whose trait has both recessive alleles or both dominant |
| Cells need to produce new cells in order to... | replace cells that have died |
Created by:
mhaq.16
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