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World History - AP r
using AP review
Question | Answer |
---|---|
civilizations change their landscapes by... | - diverting water -moving natural resources -building transportation networks |
nomads | very early people focus- shelter (find it) and food (follow it) |
Neolithic Revolution | this time period- development of spoken language, ability to control and use fire, ability to make simple tools out of stone |
Hunter-gather groups | at the mercy of weather and food, did not build permanent shelters, small groups, few possessions |
Pastoral societies | domestication of animals, extended family groups, male dominated, small scale agriculture, on the move for new animal feeding grounds |
beginning of civilization | as agricultural societies became more complex, organized economies, governmental structures and religious organizations began to emerge keeping things more orderly |
Neolithic Technology | granite tools, pottery, weaving, wheels, sails, eventually use of Bronze (combine copper and tin) |
river delta civilazations | 3000- 2000 BC Mesopotamia, Indus River, China, Egypt |
Mesopotamia | land between the rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) Sumer, Babylon, and Persia civilizations thrived on its banks- Fertile Crescent |
Sumer | 3000 BC- Ur, Erech, Kish- major city states of this civilization- successful agriculture and river management (1700 BC overthrown) |
cuneiform | Sumerian writing (using a wedge shaped tool) used to record laws, customs, treaties |
Sumerian achievements | writing system, ziggurats, 12 month calendar, use of geometry in architecture, managed river, use of the wheel to enhance trade |
Akkad | city north of Sumer - rose to dominate the Mesopotamia region after Sumer's decline in 1700 BC- wrote the first known set of laws- shortly after overthrown by Babylonians |
Babylon | 1700 BC- overtook the Akkadians- King Hammurabi's Code of Laws- didn't last long and fell to the Kassites |
King Hammurabi's Code | Extensive Laws over everyday life-that dealt with major and minor offenses- applied to everyone- establishing sense of fairness |
Hittites | 1500 BC this group dominated the Mesopotamia region due to their use of iron in their weapons |
Assyrians | learn to use iron after defeated by it- capital at Ninevah, empire swept across fertile crescent- highly disciplined, but cruel- sent many into exile creating a cultural diffusion . Within a few hundred years defeated by the Medes and Chaldeans. |
Chaldeans | King was Nebedchadnezzar- rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture- spread empire across the Fertile Crescent- then fell to the Persian Empire |
Persian Empire | by 500 BC controlled Nile River Valley all the way to Afghanistan. built the 1600 mile Great Royal Road |
Lydians | came up with the idea of coined money - instead of using a barter system |
Phoenicians | established powerful naval city-states all along the Mediterranean- and the developed a simple 22 letter alphabet |
Hebrews | 1000 BC- established in Israel, Palestine- maintained a solid identity under monotheism despite frequent invasions |
Egyptian | some massive building projects- most live in smaller towns- predictable flooding of the Nile- stable agricultural cycle- height around 1400 BC |
King Menes | before Old Kingdom- united Nile river valley - capital at Memphis- led efforts to manage floodwaters, build drainage and irrigation system- unification made Egypt wealthy and powerful |
Queen Hatshepsut | first female ruler known in history- ruled for 22 years during the new kingdom- credited with greatly expanding Egyptian trade expeditions |
women's rights in Egypt | during New Kingdom- women could buy and sell property- inherit property- choose to will their property- and dissolve their marriages |
Egypt in decline | began in 1100 BC- for next thousand years- Assyrians and Persians conquered parts and then the Greeks occupied them and Romans finally conquered them |
Indus Valley civilization | river valley civ. more cut off than others, bc of huge mountain systems north and west- the Khyber Pass allowed for contact through the Hindu Kush mnts.- 2500- 1500 BC- major cities- Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro- enormous cities by ancient standards |
Indus Valley tech | potters wheel, grew cotton, made cloth, trade with Mesopotamia, strong central gov., waste water system |
Decline of Indus Valley | around 1900 BC- the major cities were abandoned- by 1500 BC the civilization had crumbled- Aryans took over |