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Autonomic NS
Stack #86124
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q. List the 3 neuroeffector tissues innervated by GVE neurons. | A. Cardiac m., smooth m. and glands |
| Q. List the divisions of the ANS. | A. Parasympathetic and Sympathetic |
| Q. What is a ganglion? | A. a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS |
| Q. Where do I find pregang. neuron cell bodies of the ANS? | A. Sympathetic = Thoracolumbar - Lateral horn (GVE) T1-L2 spinal segments Parasympathetic = Craniosacral - brain stem & sacral segments S2,3,4 |
| Q.Where do I find efferent (motor)neuron cell bodies of the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system? | Ventral horn of the spinal chord |
| Q.Where do I find postgang. neuron cell bodies of the ANS? | Outside the CNS - in the termial/peripheral ganglia |
| Q.What is the primary function of the ANS? | Maintain Homeostasis - increase or decrease activity of visceral organs & skin in response to changes |
| Q.What are the 3 types of autonomic ganglia and which divisions of the ANS is each assoc. with? | 1)Paravertebral Gang.(symp.)-lateral to VC 2)Prevertebral Gang. (symp.) -ant. to VC 3)Terminal Gang. (parasymp.) -close to or in wall of organ innervated |
| Q.Where are the various autonomic ganglia located and know the names of the major autonomic ganglia? | 1)parav. gang. -C1-S3 2)prev. gang. -i.Celiac gang. (spinal segments T4-T9)ii. Aorticorenal gang. (ss T9-T12) iii. Sup. & Inf. Messenteric gang. (lower ss) 3)Terminal gang.-next to tissue/organ innervate (ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic gang |
| Q. What is an autonomic plexus? | network of interlaced nn. that arise from ANS (tympanic, pharyngeal, cardiac, pulmonary, celiac, sup.&inf. hypogastric |
| Q. What are splanchnic nerves? | neurons that pass thru the symp. trunk of ganglia w/ out synapsing |
| Q. Know th specific locations of sympathetic pregang. GVE neuron cell bodies in the CNS. | Thoracolumbar - lateral horn of T1-L2 ss. |
| Q. Sympathetic GVE neurons emerge form the spinal cord in the _____ roots of the spinal n. from spinal segments ____ to ____. | Ventral, T1-L2 |
| Q. Sympathetic preganglionic neuron fibers exit the spinal n. via the ___ to enter the ___ ganglia. | White rami, parav. chain (symp. chain gang.) |
| Q. Once the sympathetic GVE neuron exits the spinal n. and enters the paravertebral ganglia, 1 of 4 things can happen. List them. | 1)Synapse in parav. chain at the level of ent. 2)ascend/descend parav. chain & synapse w/ postgang. neuron cell body 3)Pass thru parav. chain in Thoracic part of trunk w/out synapsing(splannic n.) 4)pass thru parav. chain & synapse adrenal medulla(T10,11) |
| Sympathetic neurons, which exit the paravertebral ganglia to rejoin the spinal, do so via what structure? | Gray Rami (On Ramp) |
| Q. Which spinal nn. have white rami communicantes assoc. with them and which spinal nn. have gray rami communicantes assoc. with them? Explain the diff. | White - spinal n. T1 - L2 Gray - all spinal n. , Cl-coccyx |
| Q. What neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic sympathetic neurons? | Ach & Acetyl CoA |
| Q. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from pregang. sympathetic neurons? | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Q. What neurotransmitter is released from the majority of postgang. sympathetic neurons? | Catecholamines - norepinephrine |
| Q. Give me the names and locations of the enzymes, which inactivate the neurotransmitters, released from the majority of sympathetic postgang. neurons. | MAO - inactivates catecholamines by oxidation; occurs in the preneuron axon boot 80% is brought back into neuron COMT - inactivates catecholamines by methylation; occurs in the synaptic space/cleft whis is about 20% |
| Q. Know the types and locations of adrenergic receptors. | a) Alpha1-eye Alpha2-intestinal wall b)Beta1-heart Beta2-lungs |
| Q. List the 3 catecholamines. | Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine |
| Q. What tissue releases epinephrine? | Adrenal medulla (suprarenal gland)- converts norepi. into epi. |
| Q. Is epinephrine released from sympathetic postgang. neurons? | No, only from Adrenal Gland |
| Q. Which postgang. symp. postgang. neurons release Ach? | Postgang. symp. fibers that innervate eccrine sweat glands, blood vessels in skeletal m. & produce vasodilation |
| Q. What tissues are innervated by postgang. cholinergic neurons? | Eccrine sweat glands, blood vessels in skeletal m.,eyes, lacrimal glands, parotid glands, sublingual g. submandibular g., smooth m. of stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, kidney, blood vessels, lungs, urinary bladder & penis |
| Q. Where, specifically, are the pregang. parasympathetic neuron cell bodies located in the CNS? | Craniosacral - brainstem (the various nuclei) S2-4 |
| Q. The cranial portion of the PNS innervates structures located where? | Head, neck, thorax, & abdomen |
| Q. The sacral portion of the PNS innervates structurs located where? | Lower abdomen & genitalia (pelvis) - descending colon, sigmoid colon, bladder, reproductive organs |
| Q. Which cranial n. transmit GVE fibers? | CN III, VII, IX, X |
| Which spinal nn. carry parasympathetic GVE fibers? | None |
| Q.Where are the nuclei, which give rise to GVE parasympathetic fibers located in the CNS? | Brain stem |
| Q. Pregang. fibers from cell bodies located in the ___ are conveyed by the oculomotor n. and synapse in the ___ ganglion. | Edinger Westphall Nucleus; Cilliary Gang. |
| Q. Postgang. neurons of the oculomotor n. innervates what structures and have what effect upon these tissues? | Smooth mm. of the eye Parasymp. - constricts=ciliary & sphincter mm. of pupil Symp. - dialates=dialator m. of pupil |
| Q. Pregang. fibers from cell bodies located in the ___ are conveyed by the facial n. and synapse in the ___ ganglion. | Superior salivatory nucleus; Pterygopalatine(sphenopalatine) gang. & submandibular gang. |
| Q. Postgang. neurons of the facial n. innervate what structures and have what effect upon these tissues? | Lacrimal, submandibular & sublingual glands - secretion of fluids |
| Q. Pregang. fivers from cell bodies located in the ___ are conveyed by the glossopharyngeal n. and syapse in the ___ ganglion. | inferior salivatory nucleus; otic gang. |
| Q. Postgang. neurons of the glossopharyngeal n. innervate what structures and have what effect upon these tissues? | Parotid glands - increased secretion of fluids & salivation |
| Q. Pregang. fibers from cell bodies located in the ___ are conveyed by the vagus n. and synapse in the ___ ganglia. | Dorsal motor nucleus of Vagus; terminal gang. |
| Q. Postgang. neurons of the vagus n. innervate what structures and have what effect upon these tissues? | Visceral organ of abdomen & thorax -Heart-decrease HR and conduction lungs-constriction of bronchioles GI tract-increases GIT secretions Pancreas - stimulates exocrine secretions |
| Q. What neurotransmitter is released from postgang. parasympathetic neurons? | AcH |
| Q. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from pregang. parasympathetic neurons? | Acetylcholinesterase |
| What neurotransmitter is rleased from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons & what enzyme inactivates that neurotransmitter? | ACH (Acetylcholine); Acetylcholinesterase |
| Q. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from postgang. parasympathetic neurons? | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Q. Define cholinergic. | a)choline activated or transmitted by choline (AcH) b)nerve cells that release or receptors which respond to AcH |
| Q. Define adrenergic. | a)catecholamine activated or transmitted by catecholomines (primarily norepi.) b)neurons which release or receptors which respond to norepi. or epi. |
| Q. Where is the location of nicotinic receptors? | Located on postganglionic neurons located in Autonomic Ganglia & on skeletal m. motore end plate (Myoneural Junction). |
| Q. Where is the location of muscarinic receptors? | Located on neuroeffector tissues innervated by Autonomic Postganglionic Cholinergic fibers. (smooth m., cardiac m. & glands) |
| Q. What effect does stimulation of nicotinc receptors have? | Release ACH, Norepinephrine. |
| Q. What effect does stimulationof muscarinic have? | Parasympathetic Effects. |
| A. The ___ is considered to be the highest and main subcortical regulatory center forn the ANS. | Hypothalmus |
| The centers, which monitor HR and BP , are located where? | Medulla Oblongota |
| Q. Define anticholinergic, parasympatholytic, and sympathomimetic. | Anticholinergic - antagonistic to the action of cholinergic receptors (e.g. atropine). Parasympatholytic - prevents parasympathetic = increased sympathetic. Sympathomimetic - mimics that of the sympathetic. |
| Q. What effect would a muscarinic blocker, like atropine, have upon HR, pupillary diameter, gut motility, GIT secretions, bronchial secretions, etc... | Blocks parasympathetic effects: Heart Rate - increases; Pupils - dilate; Gut Motility - decreases; GIT Secretion - decreases; Broncial Secretions - decreases; |
| Q. What effect would a sympathomimetic drug have upon HR, pupillary diameter, gut motility, GIT secretions, bronchial secretions, etc... | Definition - denoting mimicking of action of the sympathetic system. Heart Rate - increases; Pupils - dilate; gut motility - decreases; GIT Secretions - decreases; Bronchial Tree - dilates & constricts(???) |
| Q. Why are you unable to focus on objects up close after your eyes have been dilated at the ophthalmologist's office with an anticholinergic drug such as tropicamide (mydriacyl)? | Causes paralysis of the ciliary mm. of eye (muscles of accomodation) = can't focus. |
| Q. Are there any parasympathetic fibers to the upper and lower limbs, and if so where are the pregang. neuron cell bodies located? | No |
| Q. What is the diff. in the ratio of pre to postgang. fibers in the SNS vs the PNS? | Sympathetic - 1 to many. Parasympathetic - 1 to 1. |
| Q. What effect does ANS input have upon skeletal muscle fibers, does it cause them to contract, relax, or have no effect. | No direct effect. |
| Q. What effect would bilaterally cutting the vagus n. have upon HR, gut motility, and GIT secretions? | No parasympathetic = increased HR, decreased gut motility, (parastolic???), decreased GIT secretions. |
| Q. Why is epinephrine given to patients in status asthmaticus or during anaphylactic shock? | Anaphylaxis - contracts smooth m., constriction of bronci, & dilates capillaries, swell in throat. Epinephrine - most effective stimulant of adrenergic (α & ß) receptors, resulting in increased HR & force of contraction, bronchodilation (↓ swellg throat) |
| What is meant by dual autonomic innervation of a tissue and how is this used to control various bodily functions? | Innervated by both Sympathetic & Parasympathetic NS. One acts to slow while other acts to speed up. |
| A male which a herniated disc in the region of L1-L2 which is compressing the spinal cord would have which sexual dysfunction; failure to ejaculate or failure to attain an erection? Why? | Failure to ejaculate - because (L1-L2) is part of Sympathetic Nervous System which controls ejaculatin orgasm. |
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Allpurpose
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