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S2 Science Exam
Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 5 characteristics of life. | Reproduction, One or More Cells, Respond to Environment/Maintain Homeostasis, Growth & Development, and Obtain & Use Energy |
| Define Contains One or More Cells. | characteristic which says that an organism must contain one or more of the smallest units of a living thing, which is a cell, |
| Give an examples for Contains One or More Cells | Unicellular = bacteria Multicellular = dogs, trees |
| Explain the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. | Eukaryotic Cells have a nucleus, Prokaryotic Cells don't. All prokaryotes are unicellular |
| Name the 6 parts of the bacteria cell. | DNA, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, Flagellum or Cilia, Cell Wall, Cytoplasm. |
| What is a cell? | A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing. or a… collection of living matter enclosed by a plasma membrane that separates it from environment |
| Explain the two types of cellular organisms | Unicellular organisms are organisms with only one cell and multicellular organisms are organisms with more than one cell. |
| Give an example of cells. | A tree is full of functional cells but when the wood is cut off from the tree, the piece of wood will have cells that are no longer functional. |
| What does the plasma membrane do? | It surrounds the cell and separates it from its environment. |
| Define reproduction. | Reproduction is the production of offspring. |
| Name and define the two basic kinds of reproduction. Give an example for each. | Sexual reproduction requires two cells to unite to produce the new organism. (birds) Asexual is when a single organism can reproduce without needing another cell, for example they can divide themselves into two. (bacteria) |
| Define Growth and define Development. | Growth is an increase in size. Development is all of the changes that take place in an organism's life. |
| How is the growth of a living thing different from the growth of a nonliving thing? give example | The growth of a living thing is not forced, it happens by itself. The growth of a nonliving thing is forced. Ex. Snowball is nonliving and growth is forced. |
| Define energy. | Energy is the ability to make things change. |
| Define Obtaining and Using Energy. | Obtaining it is how the organism acquires it. Organisms use the energy to maintain balance, grow, reproduce, and other functions. |
| What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? | Heterotrophs are organisms that get energy from the food they eat. Autotrophs are organisms that use energy from the sun to make their own food. --> use photosynthesis |
| Define Respond to Environment /Maintain Homeostasis. | Organisms responding to changes in environment like water, temperature, other organisms, etc. Homeostasis = Balancing an organism's internal environment in order to survive |
| Give an 2 examples for homeostasis | Maintaining body temperature, levels of water |
| Give an example for respond to environment | Venus Fly trap |
| What is the cell wall? | Rigid structure that supports and gives cell its shape, made of complex sugars, not found in animal cells. |
| What is the cell membrane. | Protective barrier around cell, inside wall. Controls what goes in and out of the cell. |
| What is the cytoplasm? | Watery material which contains many of the materials involved in cell metabolism. |
| What is endoplasmic reticulum? | organelle, system of folded membranes, a pathway for transportation + storage |
| What are ribosomes? Where are they made? | Ribosomes are organelles that make proteins. no membrane made in nucleolus |
| What is the MIGHTY mitochondria? | It is the "powerhouse" of the cell. Breaks down sugar to produce energy. Site of cellular respiration + stores energy in ATP. |
| What is the nucleus? | It is a large organelle command center that contains the cell's DNA (instructions). Has a double membrane + nucleolus in center. |
| What are nuclear pores? | Control movement into and out of the nucleus. |
| What is the golgi complex? | Organelle that modifies and packages proteins + lipids, uses vesicles to transport products |
| What are centrioles? | Involved in cell division in animal cells. |
| What are lysosomes? | organelles that contain digestive enzymes. get rid of waste materials. |
| What are chloroplasts? | organelle that uses energy of sunlight to make food, Site of photosynthesis |
| What is a vesicle? | A small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell + within a cell |
| What is the difference between the flagellum and cilia? | The flagellum is one long, hairlike structure the cilia are the many hairlike structures. |
| What is a vacuole? | Fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane that contains stored food or wastes. |
| Explain diffusion. | The movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low concentration. (tries to balance areas) |
| Explain osmosis. | The diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane. |
| Describe what happens in osmosis. | The water molecules move to where they are less concentrated. |
| Why is osmosis important to cell functions. | The concentration of particles is kept in balance by osmosis. |
| Describe what would happen if you put red blood cells into a salty solution. | The concentration of water molecules inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell. This makes water move out of the cell, causes the cells to shrivel. |
| What is passive transport? | Movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy. high --> low concentration. |
| What is active transport? | Movement of substances across the cell membrane with the use of energy. Usually low --> high concentration. |
| Explain endocytosis and exocytosis. (forms of active transport) | In endocytosis 1. cell membrane surrounds a particle 2. encloses it in a vesicle 3. brings it into the cell. exocytosis 1. the particle is enclosed in a vesicle 2. Fuses with membrane 3. then released out of the cell |
| Define photosynthesis. | Process in which plants + other organisms are able to change the sun's energy into food. |
| Where does almost all of the energy that fuels life come from? | The sun. |
| What are pigments? What pigment is used in photosynthesis? | The molecules in plant cells that absorb light energy. Chlorophyll used to absorb light energy |
| How do plants get their green color? | From chlorophyll. |
| What is glucose? | Glucose is a simple sugar/carbohydrate that is the plant's food, made from photosynthesis. |
| Explain why glucose is important to a plant cell. | It converts the sun's energy to a type of energy that can be stored. |
| What happens in photosynthesis? | Plants use light energy to change CO2 and water into food called glucose, oxygen is released |
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? | 6CO^2 carbon dioxide + 6H^2O water+ light energy = (C^6 H^12 O^6) glucose + (6O^2) oxygen |
| What is cellular respiration? | animal cells getting energy by breaking down food using oxygen |
| What is fermentation? | animal cells getting energy by breaking down food without using oxygen |
| Why is breathing important to many organisms? | Breathing supplies the oxygen need and gets rid of carbon dioxide. |
| Describe what takes places during cellular respiration. | Cells use oxygen to break down glucose into water and CO2, energy is released. |
| What does your body do with the energy released during cellular respiration. | Mostly used to maintain body temperature some for forming ATP. |
| What does ATP stand for and what is its function? | Adenosine triphosphate, supplies energy that fuels cell activities. |
| Where does cellular respiration take place? | Mitochondria. |
| Where does photosynthesis take place? | Chloroplast. |
| What is the formula for cellular respiration? | (C^6 H^12 O^6) glucose + (6C^2) oxygen = ATP + (6CO^2) carbon dioxide + 6H^2O (water) |
| During photosynthesis, plant cells use carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen. How is this different from cellular respiration? | In respiration oxygen is used to break down glucose while carbon dioxide is released. The processes are flipped. |
| Why do you get a burning sensation in your muscles during strenuous exercise? | Muscle cells can't get the oxygen they need for cellular respiration so they use fermentation. it makes lactic acid that creates the burning sensation. |
| What is another kind of fermentation? | Bacteria and yeast. |
| How does the process of fermentation help bread rise. | The bubbles from carbon dioxide causes the dough to rise. |
| Wood is made of... Trees are made of.. | Cell walls Cells |
| Reproduction is essential for.. but not essential for .. | a species' survival survival of organism |
| 3 benefits of being multicellular? | larger size, longer life, specialization of cells |
| Give an example for growth. give an example for development | puppy --> dog metamorphosis in frogs |
| Describe the levels of organization: | Cell, Tissue, organ, organ system, organism (each one is basically a group of the previous working together to carry out function) |
| What are the structures that allow single celled organisms to move? | • Flagellum (long, hairlike) • Cilia (shorter hairlike structures) • Pseudopodia (extension of cytoplasm, used to feed) |
| Write the 15 parts of a eukaryotic cell: | o Cell Membrane o Cytoplasm o Ribosomes o Mitochondria o Nucleus o Nucleolus o Rough ER o Smooth ER o Golgi apparatus o Centrioles o Lysosomes o Vesicle o Chloroplast o Cell Wall o Vacuole |
| What is a gradient? | Different areas of concentration |
| Organisms obtain nutrients in endocytosis by... Organisms obtain nutrients with chlorophyll by ... | bringing particles in with vesicles using energy absorbing light energy from sun |
| What is protozoa? | animal-like protists (type of eukaryote) |
| Describe the Rough ER | covered in ribosomes + usually found near nucleus it transports the proteins throughout the cell. |
| Describe Smooth ER | Smooth ER stores particles + breaks down harmful toxic materials |
Created by:
mhaq.16
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