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POL311
Political Psychology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Interaction Perspective | f(Personality, Environment). FUCKING EVERYTHING |
| What are the pros and cons of experiments? | Pros: causal propositions, analytic decomposition, flexible across aggregation Cons: ambiguity, limited scope, generalizability |
| Rational Choice Theory ( | Look for possible alternitives, determine relative utility of each alternative, pick the one that maximizes expected subjective utility |
| Thick vs. thin RCT | Thick: We are purely rational Thin: Considers that we are emotional and subject to self-contradiction |
| 5 steps of the Issue-Attention Cycle | 1. Pre-Problem 2. Alarmed Discovery 3. Realization of Cost 4. Declining Interest 5. Post problem |
| Minimal Effects model of Media Effects | Reception and Acceptance. Low exposure (10% well informed, 50% eh), low recall Acceptance (only really works for high info nonpartisans) Prior -- partisans are self-selecting Lord et al. -- consistency bias |
| Priming, Framing and Agenda Setting | Priming -- mention Iran Contra before asking for an evaluation of Reagan (Krosnic & Kinder) Framing -- KKK as free speech vs KKK as social order (Nelson) Agenda Setting -- the media controls what we focus on |
| agents of socialization | Family/marriage (Stoker + Jennings) School/reference groups (Bennington Study) church, work Government: Prisons (Lerman), elites (Zoller and Klausky) |
| Social Learning Theory [learning] | Imitation |
| Classical Conditioning [learning] | Pavlov. We learn who is good/bad by association. |
| Operant Conditioning [learning] | You get punished for behaving the wrong way and rewarded for behaving the right way |
| Policy Feedback Loop | Policies are enacted that influence how people think about issues themselves. e.g. Soc Sec provides ppl w resources that they can use to lobby Govt for more Soc Sec benefits |
| Group Identity vs Group Membership | Allows us to classify ourselves. E.g. we can identify as female even if we have male bodies. |
| Minimal Group Theory (conflict) | groups just happen. We tend to favor our own group. We are more willing to make generalizations about the out-group. Rattlers vs. Eagles. Klee vs Kandinsky (which painting do you like more, boys optimized difference w/ the other group, rather than profit) |
| Social Dominance Theory (conflict) | Conflict results from the desire of dominant groups seeking to maintain their status in the social hierarchy. People who are highly invested in the social hierarchy (high SDO) will go to great lengths to enforce it. Environment. |
| Social Identity Theory (conflict) | Social groups motivate our self-esteem. We are motivated to bolster the relative status of the group to which we belong. We feel positive if our group has more. |
| Realistic Group Conflict Theory (conflict) | We compete over resources (e.g. food, oil, money, prestige) |
| 4 Solutions to Group Conflict | Decategorization -- emphasize individuals Recategorization -- replace the problematic category wth another one that's hopefully less aggressive Superordinate Identity Contact (see Contact Hypothesis) |
| Covert Racism | People are racist, but the social desirability bias keeps them from being forthcoming about it. |
| Symbolic Racism | a.k.a racial resentment. Whites feel negatively towards blacks b/c they believe that blacks do not share their values (hard work, education, morality etc). E.g.s: Katrina coverage, affirmative action. 11% whites, 43% blacks think race is a serious issue |
| Aversive Racism | An unconscious form of bias that characterizes white Americans. Egalitarian values, and the belief they are non prejudiced. Act negatively towards black in ambiguous situations. |
| Symbolic Politics | We have *learned dispositions* and *symbolic predispositions.* We are conditioned to respond to specific symbols, and those stick with us through adulthood. |
| What factors boost conformity? (7) | 1) ambiguity of stimulus 2) prior commitment 3) privacy 4) personality 5) culture 6) nature of the group 7) perceived unanimity |
| What causes Groupthink? (4) | 1) minimizing social conflict 2) maintain self-esteem 3) group norms booster morale at the expense of critical thinking 4) groups comprised of experts, high status people, similar members |
| How can we eliminate Groupthink? (4) | 1) Independent groups 2) Outside experts (not part of the group) 3) Play devil's advocate (take the "outside view") 4) Divide the Group into Subgroups |
| What causes the Bystander Effect? (2) | 1) social pressure 2) informative cues from another Darley & Latane. Subject in a room w/ 0/2subjects/2inactive confederates. smoke leak. 75%/40%/9% report |
| How can we reduce the Bystander Effect? (3) | 1. Common fate 2) other bystanders perceived unable to help 3) belief that the bystander can help |
| What factors contribute to the Spiral of Silence? (3) | 1) Quasi-statistical belief you can gauge the national opinion on an issue. 2) lack of dissent. Not enough people believe the minority 3) Illusion of Unanimity consequences: Of respondents, more than half (71% of men) were OK with the rise of Nazis |
| Authoritarian Personality | one who is rigidly ethnocentric, anti-democratic, conventional, conservative, punitive, condescending. More likely to embrace social norms (submission) and reject those who violate them (domination) (Hetherington and Weiler 2009) |
| Demonstrative Terrorism | Gain publicity to gain more attention for the cause. They want more people watching then you want them dead. |
| Destructive Terrorism | Coerce opponents and mobilize support for the cause. |
| Suicide Terrorism (logic, goals, method) | Pursue coercion at the expense of losing suppor within the terrorist's own community. "Inflict enough pain on the opposing society to ovewhelm their interest in resisting." Democracies seem soft -nationalist goals |
| Far Right vs Far Left (similarities) | Closky & Chong: OVS 1977. They differ on the issues but respond similarly. Antipathy twds govt and how it operates Suspicious of politics Little faith in how Democracy works |
| ACE model of Opinion Variation | A - family genetic factor C - environment E - individually experienced, unshared environment factor |
| Components of Big 5 Theory | Neuroticism Conscientiousness Extraversion Openness Agreeableness |
| Schematics vs. Aschematics | Schematics are better informed, and classify campaign statements as Republican or Democrat (Lodge & Hammil). But more prone to consistency bias. |
| Contact Hypothesis (conflict/racism) (Gaertner et al.) | Study: participant works a job w/ black+ white confederates. He later evaluates the black one better than before. Contact can reduce conflict if the contact is: equal status, cooperative toward a common goal, enables personal relationships, norms/auth |
| Direct Education (conflict/racism) | Better when specific. Study: grp1 just watch racially tolerant TV, grp2 just talk to parents, grp both. Conversations are effective, but parents are uncomfotable talking about race. Minorities are better at it. |
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dyawitz
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