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Urinary/kidney
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| organs that make up the urinary system | 2 kidneys 2 ureters 1 bladder 1 urethra |
| main organ responsible for nearly all urinary functions | kidneys |
| functions of the kidneys | blood filtration, urine formation, excretion of wastes, regulation of blood volume and composition (maintain pH balance), production and secretion of hormones to control blood pressure, and stimulate red blood cell production, activating vitamin D |
| where are the kidneys found | between the last thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae T12 - L3 |
| why is the right kidney lower than the left | because the liver is above the right kidney |
| protective outter layer of the kidney | renal capsule |
| verticle fissure in the shape of the kidney, where ureter, nerves, blood and lymph vessels leave | renal hilus |
| two main regions making up the inner portion of the kidneys | renal cortex : smooth superficial layer and the renal medulla: deeper cone shaped pyramids |
| microscopic funtional units of the kidneys | nephrons |
| portion of a nephron responsible for blood plasma filtration | renal corpuscle |
| components of the renal corpuscle | glomerulus (tangled capillary network) and glomerular capsule (double-walled epithelial cup surrouding glomerulus) |
| portion of a nephron responsible for reabsorption | renal tubule (long extension of the glomerular capsule) |
| components of the renal tubule | proximal convoluted tubule (closer to glomerular capsule), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule |
| steps in urine formation | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion |
| capillaries forming the glomerulus arise from the branches of ________ and fuse into an ______ (not a ______) | from an afferent arteriole, to an efferent arteriole (not a venule) |
| how does the unique positioning of the glomerulus aid blood filtration | the high pressure in the arterioles and capillaries force fluid out, and the vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arterioles modifies blood flow |
| the efferent arterioles of the glomerulus devide and become p_________ c___________ | peritubular capillaries |
| preitubular capillaries fuse into venules and veins which surround the t______ portion of the nephron | tubular |
| how do the peritubular capillaries assist renal tubule reabsorption | low blood pressure in the peritubular capillaries allows water to be pulled in (osmosis) |
| Glomerular filtration | passive, non-specific, driven by high blood pressure in arterioles/capillaries pushing water and solutes out of glomerulus into glomerular capsule |
| name for fluid that is pushed into glomerular capsule | glomerular filtrate |
| composition of glomerular filtrate | water, glucose, hydrosoluble vitamins, amino acids, electrolytes, ammonia, urea, waste materials |
| Tubular reabsorption | the return of substances (water and nutrients) the body can still use to the bloodstream (via peritubular capillaries), begins when glomerular filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule |
| how tubular reabsorption occurs | because of low blood pressure in peritubular capillaries (allowing water to be pulled in -osmosis) and active transport |
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