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Aqua Sci Fall Final
January 2013
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What map has no distortion, but is bulky and difficult to transport? | Globe |
| What map distorts the continents as little as possible, and has cuts are made through oceans? | Homolosine Map |
| What map has an interrupted projection is a way of reducing the distortion. | Sinusoidal Interrupted Equal-area Map |
| What map has projecting a spherical surface onto a cylinder | Cylindrical-Projection Map |
| List the oceans in order from largest to smallest. | Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, Pacific |
| The property of water which allows a paper clip or a needle to float is its | surface tension |
| The unique properties of water are a result of | hydrogen bonds |
| an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf | Bay |
| an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land, larger than a bay | Gulf |
| a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land | Sea |
| large landmasses | Continents |
| Cover 71% of Earth’s surface and have an average depth of 2.3 miles | Ocean Basins |
| Covers up to 10% of the total surface area of the earth. | Ice |
| Water's chemical and physical properties are quite ______ to isopropyl alcohol. | different |
| Water is a _____ molecule. | polar |
| Freshwater is _______ dense than saltwater at room temperature. | less |
| Saltwater has a ________ boiling point than freshwater. | higher |
| Hot water is ____ dense than cold water. | less |
| The molecules at the surface stick more strongly to other molecules with them on the surface. | Surface Tension |
| When a molecule of one substances attracts to a molecule of a different substance. | Adhesion |
| The upward force that a fluid exerts on an object less dense than itself. | Buoyancy |
| Water tends to stick firmly to itself, resisting external forces that would break these bonds. | Cohesion |
| The ability to “climb” structures; the result of adhesion and surface tension. | Capillary Action |
| The pressure at a given depth in a liquid is a result the weight of the liquid acting on a unit area at that depth plus any pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. | Hydrostatic Pressure |
| Charles Darwin in the 1800s contributed to marine biology by | explaining how atolls form |
| Aristotle during the fourth century BC contributed to marine biology by | naming many aquatic organisms and recognizing that gills are the breathing apparatus of fish |
| Which was the first systematic effort to gather data and samples from oceans around the globe? | the Challenger Expedition |
| Vast depression in crust and filled by ocean. | Ocean Basin |
| Term to describe the process whereby sections of the Earth’s lithosphere move. | Plate Tectonics |
| Any small body of land, regardless of origin or composition that is surrounded by water. | Island |
| Term for a circular reef that is located above sea level. | Atoll |
| A science that deals with the oceans and includes the delimitation of their extent and depth, the physics and chemistry of their waters, marine biology, and the exploitation of their resources. | Oceanography |
| The measurement of water depth relative to sea level. | Bathymetry |
| What are isolated volcanic mountains scattered along the ocean floor? | Seamounts |
| How are the volcanic Islands in the Hawaiian Island chain formed? | hot spots |
| What are deep depressions in the sea floor that are particularly common in the Pacific Ocean? | Trenches |
| This occurs when hot, molten mantle material moves up to the earth’s surface and new crust is added to the oceanic crust as the mid-ocean ridge is pushed upward. | sea-floor spreading |
| What are the two most abundant ions in sea water? | Sodium and calcium |
| The typical salinity of sea water is 35__ (‰)? | ppt |
| What is the total amount of salt dissolved in sea water? | Salinity |
| How does evaporation affect salinity? | increases |
| What is the distance between the crest and the trough? | Wave height |
| What causes waves? | wind |
| What is the span of open water over which the wind blows? | Fetch |
| True or False. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the earth. | True |
| True or False. Tides are caused by the rotations of the earth, moon, and sun. | True |
| True or False. Tides alternately expose and submerge the coastline. | True |
| True or False. The earth rotates through the tidal bulges. | True |
| What type of tides have two high and two low tides a day? | Semidiurnal tides |
| What uses pulses of radio waves to image underwater features (sound navigation ranging)? | Sonar |
| What is the difference in height between a high tide and the next low tide? | Tidal range |
| What does SCUBA stand for? | Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus |
| An object moving a greater distance would experience ___________ deflection. | greater |
| The temperature of the ocean does not fluctuate as dramatically as the temperature of the ____. | land |
| Regions along the coast generally experience more __________ temperatures in summer and winter. | moderate |
| Cooler air can hold _______ moisture than warmer air. | less |
| The storminess around the ICZ is an example of abundant water and ____ temperatures increasing the amount of water that is evaporated into the atmosphere (and subsequently condensed), producing high energy in the atmosphere. | higher |
| A negative-phase NAO occurs when the pressure difference is ____ than normal and a positive-phase NAO occurs when the pressure difference is greater than normal. | less |
| As the ____ _____ ocean current and corresponding westerly winds move across the North Atlantic they bring warm air and moisture to the United Kingdom, moderating the temperature of the region. | Gulf Stream |
| The Category 5 hurricanes ___________ cause the most damage. | sometimes |
| ___________ that stay over the ocean for longer periods of time always become stronger storms that are more devastating when they hit land. | Hurricanes |
| Atlantic hurricanes follow approximately the same path, moving _______ northwest before turning north northeast. | west |
| Hurricanes form over warm oceans in tropical areas where there is _____ wind shear. | low |
| El Niño or La Niña. Increased Atlantic hurricane activity (more active season). | La Niña |
| El Niño or La Niña. No upwelling along the coast of South America. | El Niño |
| El Niño or La Niña. Cooler than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific. | La Niña |
| El Niño or La Niña. Warmer than normal sea surface temperatures in the Pacific. | El Niño |
| the motion of the water | Currents |
| Aided by the Coriolis Effect & wind patterns that blow surface currents away from the shore, surface water along coastlines is moved away from the land. As surface water is pushed away from shore, it is replaced by water that wells up from below. | Upwelling |
| The mechanism for atmospheric circulation and the movement of air and water from one place on Earth to another. | Convection |
| low pressure systems that have thunderstorm activity and rotate counterclockwise. | Tropical Cyclone |
| This forms a doughnut shaped wall of intense activity surrounding the center of the storm. | Eye Wall |
| The calm area at the very center of the hurricane. | Eye |
| A discrete tropical weather system of apparently organized convection originating in the tropics or subtropics and maintaining its identity for 24 hours or more. | tropical disturbance |
| winds of 38 mph or less is | Tropical Depression |
| winds reach 39-73 mph | Tropical Storm |
| winds exceed 74 mph | Category 1 Hurricane |
| winds exceed 156 mph | Category 5 Hurricane |
| In the Atlantic Ocean, hurricanes form off the coast of? | Africa |
| What occurs as a result of deflection of the earth's winds and ocean currents caused by the earth's rotation? | Coriolis effect |
| The density of sea water increases as water temperature __________ and salinity increases. | decreases |
| Theses are pushed on the sea surface by the wind, creating currents and are bent by the Coriolis effect. | Winds |
| Oceans provide the warm, ______ air that drives hurricane formation. | moist |
| What is the largest source of water for the water cycle? | oceans |
| What ocean currents are driven by the wind? | surface |
| What is the energy source that drives atmospheric circulation and the movement of masses of air and water from one place on Earth to another? | sun |
| What is is the deep-water circulation of the oceans that involves sinking cold, salty water at the poles? | Thermohaline circulation |
| A community or communities in a large area, together with their physical environment. | ecosystem |
| The natural environment where an organism lives. | habitat |
| The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. | ecology |
| A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. | population |
| All the different populations of organisms that live in the same place. | community |
| What are factors that may limit how populations grow over time (such as competition for space, predation, diseases) called? | biotic factors |
| The role of a species in its community. | ecological niche |
| The conversion of carbon dioxide into organic matter by autotrophs. | primary production |
| The shallowest part of the continental shelf that is exposed to air at low tides (area between high and low tide). | intertidal zone |
| What zone is the shallowest vertical zone in the pelagic ocean, has a depth that depends on water clarity, and receives plenty of light for photosynthesis. | epipelagic zone |
| Organisms that live in the water column. | pelagic |
| What zone of the pelagic ocean has the highest productivity? | Euphotic |
| What organic molecules store energy, provide insulation, and assist in buoyancy? | lipids |
| Marine organisms whose internal salt concentration varies with that of their environment are examples of | osmoconformers |
| Animals that keep their internal temperature is more or less constant | Endotherms |
| What are the two dominant modes of reproduction? | sexual and asexual |
| organisms that drift with the currents | plankton |
| organisms that are strong swimmers | nekton |
| organisms that live on the bottom | benthos |
| Photosynthetic organisms that passively float in the water column and are responsible for primary production | Phytoplankton |
| The detritus in sea water includes | dead organic matter |
| What is the ultimate fate of energy in an ecosystem? | lost as heat |
| In an ecosystem, what flows from organism to organism and from the abiotic to the biotic parts of the ecosystem? | materials |
| lack a backbone | invertebrate |
| have more than one cell | multicellular |
| have a backbone | vertebrates |
| use sunlight to make glucose | autotrophs |
| most consume food for energy | heterotrophs |
| Invertebrates make up _____ than 95% of all species of animals. | more |
| What uses filtering structures to sweep up food particles, pumps water through their bodies to obtain food particles, eats food particles suspended in water | filter feeders |
| An early stage of development of an organism, typically part of the plankton | larva |
| The release of gametes (sperm and eggs) into the water is called | spawning |
| Organisms that live attached to the bottom are ________. | sessile |
| Organisms that move around on the bottom are _________. | mobile |
| A dramatic change in life style from the larval to adult stages of an organism | metamorphosis |
| Cells with flagella that pump water into a sponge | choanocytes |
| calcareous structures for support | spicules |
| opening through which water leaves | osculum |
| openings through which water enters | ostia |
| spongy fibers for support | spongin |
| What do sponges use calcareous spicules, siliceous spicules, sponging for structural ________. | support |
| These are used by cniderians for capturing prey, have threads that may be armed with spines and may contain toxins | nemoatocysts |
| Algae that lives inside the tissue of coral polyps (symbiotic/mutualistic relationship) | Zooxanthellae |
| Invertebrate filter feeders that use a set of ciliated tentacles (called lophophores) to catch food | Bryozoans |
| _________ organisms use a enzyme-catalized reaction to produce light (examples: ctenophores & dinoflagellates) | Bioluminescent |
| are eight rows of long cilia are fused at the base and used for locomotion in ctenophores | ciliary combs |
| Organisms that have radial symmetry and use tentacles with sticky cells called colloblasts to capture food (comb jellies) | Ctenophores |
| Organisms that have bilateral symmetry, a complete digestive tract, organs and organ systems | flatworms |
| Organisms that have an organ system level of organization, a hydrostatic skeleton, and are bilaterally symmetrical (include polychaetes) | Segmented worms |
| What is the rasping tongue-like organ used for feeding? | Radula |
| The state shell of Texas is the _______________. | Lightening Whelk |
| typically have coiled shells but some lack shells, largest class of mollusks | gastropods |
| Mollusk filter feeders with a 2-part shell and a hatchet-shaped foot for burrowing. | Bivalves |
| Mollusks that have tentacles, arms and a highly developed brain. | cephalopods |
| Mollusks that have eight overlapping plates | chitons |
| Organisms that live in or on the bottom (crabs & worms) | benthos |
| Strong-swimming animals that live in the open water (Sharks & Tuna ) | nekton |
| Small floating or feebly-swimming organisms in the water | plankton |
| Those organisms that float on the surface of the water (By-the-wind Sailor & Portuguese Man-of-war ) | neuston |
| the entire area of the open water; organisms are those that live in the open sea away from the bottom. | Pelagic |
| can refer to the organisms and the zones of the sea bottom | Benthic |
| the water mass that overlies the continental shelf. | Neritic |
| part of the pelagic realm that is lighted, zone of primary production (epipelagic) | Photic |
| the benthic zone underlying the neritic pelagic zone on the continental shelf. | Sublittoral |
| shore area lying between the extremes of high and low tide (littoral) | Intertidal |
Created by:
MrsHeist
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