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Trevor's (Pugh) EXAM
Ch 3,4,5 8 & 9 Exam review study guide part one. MADE BY TREVOR
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an aquatic environment that contains organisms that thrive in water with various salt concentrations? | Estuaries |
| Living things are called what? | biotic |
| Nonliving things are called what? | abiotic |
| From smallest group to largest group list the organization used in ecology. | population -> community -> ecosystem ->biosphere |
| All of the same species of organisms living in the same place at the same time is called? | population |
| All of the populations as a group living in the same area is called? | communities |
| All abiotic and biotic parts of an area together is called a? | ecosystem |
| What is a habitat? | The location of the organisms living area including abiotic and biotic factors of an ecosystem. |
| What is a niche? | The full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and how it used those conditions |
| In this food chain what is the producer? Grass -> Horse -> bear | Grass |
| In this food chain what is the primary consumer? Grass -> rabbit -> Fox | Rabbit |
| If a bush full of berries contains 1000 kcals of energy how much energy is available to the bear who is the primary consumer | 100 (units of 10) |
| A food web is? | interconnect food chains found in an ecosystem |
| An organism that eats only producers is called a? | Herbivore |
| An organism that eats only consumers is called a? | carnivore |
| An organism that eats both consumers and producers? (US) | omnivores |
| Scavengers are also called what? | detritovores |
| Organisms that feed on the dead bodies of dead organisms is called what? | Scavengers |
| Organisms such as fungi that feed on decaying matter and turn it back into soil are called | decomposers |
| Detrirovores and decomposers cannot be in the _________ Tropic level? | 1st |
| In mutualism how many organisms are damaged or hurt? | None they both benefit! |
| In Commensalism one organism ____________ and the other _____________ | One is not affected and the other benefits from the relationship |
| In parasitism how many organisms benefit? | one |
| What general type of organism plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by turning nitrogen into a form usable by plants? | Bacteria |
| The process of turning nitrogen into a form that plants can use is called? | Nitrogen fixation |
| Animals get their nitrogen by doing what? | eating plants |
| The main process (two) of the oxygen-carbon cycle are what? | photosynthesis, and respiration |
| What is an example of density-independent factor? | Weather, climate, natural disasters |
| What is an example of density-dependent factor | Predation, competition |
| An energy pyramid shows what? | relative amount of energy in every tropic level. |
| A numbers pyramid shows what? | Shows the relative number of organisms at each tropic level. |
| A biomass pyramid shows what? | grams of organic mater per unit area in each tropic level |
| An adaptation in which one organism loom or/and acts like another to avoid being eaten by a predator (predation) is called what? | mimicry |
| What is the process that all plants get most of their energy from | photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis is changing sunlight into | chemical compounds or energy |
| The green pigment in plant cells used for photosynthesis is called what? | chlorophyll |
| Photosynthesis occurs in what organelle? | chloroplasts |
| Plants need what basic things (3) to change light into food | Water, carbon-dioxide, light |
| When the plant undergo photosynthesis and produces a carbohydrate what is released into the air? | oxygen |
| what is the formula and basic formula (words) for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon Water Energy Oxygen dioxide |
| Organisms that used the energy of sunlight to make their own food are called what? | autotrophs |
| Autotrophs are also called what? | Producers |
| Organisms that are not able to make the own food and must consume others are called what? | heterotrophs |
| Heterotrophs are also called what? | consumers |
| What are the two main stages of photosynthesis | Light dependent reaction & light independent reaction - also know as Calvin cycle |
| Most animals and plants get their energy from the stored food called what? | Glucose |
| The process of breaking down glucose, to release energy is called what? | glycolysis |
| Cellular respiration occurs in what organelle? | mitochondria |
| The equation for cellular respiration is what? | 6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY |
| The energy produced during cellular respiration is stored in what type of molecules? | ATP |
| The end products of cellular respiration are | carbon dioxide and water |
| What measures length? | ruler |
| what measures mass? | balance scale |
| what measures volume? | graduated cylinder |
| Goggles protect your? | eyes |
| You use a Petri dish to? | Culture cells (grow them) |
| Erlenmeyer flask is used for? | To measure and hold liquids |
| Watch glass is used for? | To cover the beaker |
| test tubes hold, mix, and heat what? | solids and liquids |
| Graduated cylinder is used for what? | to measure volume of an object |
| 5.1 Kilograms = how many grams | 5100 Grams |
| 1 gram equals how many milligrams? | 1000 |
| 1 gram equals how many kilograms | .001 |
| What is the freezing point of water in Celsius? | 0 |
| What is the boiling point of water in Celsius? | 100 |
| Organic compounds always have what element? | carbon |
| Inorganic compounds does not have what element | carbon |
| Carbohydrates, lipids , nucleic acids and protein all are what? (starts with o) | organic |
| What is the function of carbohydrates? | Main source of energy for multi-celluar organisms, and also used for structural purposes. |
| What is the function of a lipid? | To store energy (long term), waterproof membrane coverings, and some lipids can be steroids |
| What is the function of a nucleic acid? | transmits and passes down genetic information in a cell |
| what is the function of a protein? | controls cells properties and processes, fights diseases, transports, and also it builds muscle |
| What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? | mono-saccharides |
| what is the monomer of a lipid? | glycerol & Three fatty acid tail |
| what is the monomer of a protein? | amino acid |
| what is the monomer of a nucleic acid? | nucleotides |
| what is the most abundant compound in the human body? | Carbon |
| What are the four most abundant compounds found in the human body? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| What do plants store their sugar in? | Starches |
| what do animals store their sugar in? | glycogen |
| Most enzymes are what? | Proteins |
| what is the process called where two molecules are joined together by splitting of a water molecule? | dehydration synthesis |
| What are two ways humans are affecting the carbon cycle? | Habitat destruction and burning fossil fuels. |
| What is an adaptation in which an organisms blends in with an environment to avoid being eaten? | camouflage |
| The food produced by plants is called? | glucose |
| ____________ is the study of the living world. | Biology |
| List the characteristics of living things. HINT: There are 8 | They must be made up of cells, must reproduce, must be based on a universal genetic code, must grow and develop, must obtain and user materials & energy, must respond to environment & maintain it, as a group they must change over time |
| What is the order of the scientific method? (7) | Problem, hypothesis, experiment, data, forming conclusions, share results repeat |
| What is an hypothesis? | a proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations (educated guess) |
| What is a variable? | The factors that are manipulated, changed or tested |
| What is the control? | The variable with no changing conditions. Used to compare results of the variable |
| What is a theory? | A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| Qualitative is data that is not ______? | measured |
| What do you call data that is measured? | Quantitative |
| Length is measured in? | meters |
| Mass is measured in? | grams |
| Volume is measured in? | liters |
| temperature is measured in? | Celsius |
| Enzymes act as what inside the body? | catalyst (speed up reactions) |
| Name of enzymes usually end in what? | -ase |
| Name if sugars usually end in what? | -ose |
| What is saturated fat? | A type of fat that contains the most hydrogen bonds |
| What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats? | Mono. fats only have one carbon to carbon bond while poly fats have two carbon to carbon bonds |
| What is the process called where you split a large molecules into a smaller molecules by adding water? | hydrolysis |
| What is the process in which amino acids are joined together to form proteins? | dehydration synthesis |
| What is the bond called that joins sugar molecules together to form disaccharides or polysaccharides? | dehydration synthesis |
| What is the process called where a polysaccharides is split into sugar molecule? | Hydrolysis |
| What element to proteins and amino acids only contain? | nitrogen |
| What are the two groups that never change in amino acids called? | amino group and carboxyl group |
| Amino acids bonds are called what? | peptide bonds |
| The chemical formula for a disaccharide is what? | C12H22O11 |
| What is the three main principles of the cell theory? | All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic structure and function in living things. New cells are produced by existing cells. |
| a membrane that permits some substances to move through more easily than others is called what? | selectivity permeable |
| What is the four levels of cell organization from smallest to greatest? | cell, tissue, organ, organ system |
| Prokaryotes do not contain what | A nuclei |
| eukaryotes have a.... | nuclei |
| What is the two main compositions of the cytoskeleton? | Micro-filaments, and microtubles |
| What is the function of a nuclear envelope? | Protects, surrounds the nucleus and allows certain materials to move in and out. |
| What is the function of a nucleolus? | It is the small middle part of the nucleus and is where the assembly of ribosomes begins |
| What is the function of a chromatin? | Dna bound to protein and its main function is to hold dna. |
| What is the function of a chromosome? | Threadlike structure that holds genetic information of the cell. |
| What is the function of a cell membrane? | regulates what enters and exits the cell and provides support |
| What is the function of a cell wall? | Provides protection and support for the cell |
| What is the function of a mitochondria? | converts chemical energy stored in food compounds to energy ( the power house) |
| What is the function of a lysosome? | Breaks down lipids carbohydrates and proteins into simpler molecules for the cell to use |
| What is the function of a ribosome? | assembles proteins from instruction by the dna |
| What is the function of a smooth ER? | contains enzymes, main function is to preform specialized task (detoxification) |
| What is the function of a rough ER? | Synthesis proteins, ribosomes found on surface |
| What is the function of a Golgi apparatus? | modify, package, sort proteins and other materials |
| What is the function of a vacuole? | Store materials such as water and food |
| What is the function of a chloroplast? | capture energy from the sunlight and convert to chemical energy |
| What is the function of a centriole? | pulls spindle fibers to polls of the cells. |
| What organelle's are only in plants? | Cell wall, and chloroplast |
| Materials move into and out of cells from higher concentration to a lower concentration in what process? | Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion |
| define osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectivity permeable membrane |
| define diffusion | moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration |
| define hypo-tonic | below strength |
| define hyper-tonic | above strength |
| What is the difference from passive transport to active transport? | Passive requires no energy and follow from high to low, active requires energy and can go from low to high |
| What are the channels and pumps made of that help move objects during facilitated diffusion? | Proteins |
| What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? | Endo- takes in materials Exoc- takes out materials |
| define facilitated diffusion | allowing certain materials to move faster than others through channels in the membrane |
| When cells shrink do to water loss this is called what? (also what type of solution does this occur in?) | plasmolysis - hyper-tonic |
| Bursting of cells due to excess of water is called what? (and what does this occur in) | cytolysis - hypo-tonic |
| What is the pressure that builds up against the cell wall due to excess water moving into the cell | turgor pressure |
| what type of solution is it when turgor pressure builds up against the cell wall? | hypo-tonic |
| What are two examples of endocytosis? | Phagocytosis, and pinocytosis |
| The unicellular organism Euglena uses what structure to move around? | flagella |
| The unicellular organism paramecium uses what structure to move around? | Cillea |
| What does cytosine bond with? | Guanine |
| What does adenine bond with? | thymine |
| What are the two process that dna is responsible for? | Replication and protein synthesis |
| Dna replicates itself in what stage of inter-phase? | S phase |
| What are nucleosomes made of? | It is made of Dna wrapped around protein balls called histones. |
| What is a histone? | Protein balls in the chromosomes |
| What is the process in which a molecules of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA | Transcription |
| What is the decoding of mRNA into a polypeptide chain (a protein) | translation |
| Dna is complementary so that one strand serves as a _________________ for a new strand during Dna replication (copying) | template |
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? | (sugar) deoxyribose molecules, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases. |
| What bonds hold the three bases of nucleotides together? | hydrogen |
| What two molecules make up the backbone of the DNA ladder? | Deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphates |
| Watson and Crick (the makers of the dna model) said that dna is shaped like a _____________________ | double helix, in which two strands are wound around each other |
| What is the function of ribosomal RNA? | assembles the proteins on the ribosomes by providing enzymes |
| What is the function of Transfer Rna? | Transfers each amino acid to the ribosomes (gets instructions from mRNA) |
| What is the function of Messengers Rna? | carries out instructions or messages, to assemble proteins (from dna) |
| What is the difference between the DNA and RNA shape? | Rna is single stranded and DNA is double stranded |
| What is a mutation? | a mistake or change in the DNA sequence |
| The human body cell has how many chromosomes? | 46 |
| How many pairs of chromosomes does the human body cell have? | 23 |
| What are the stages that the cell goes through in inter-phase? | G1 phase, S phase and, G2 phase |
| What happen in G1 phase? | The cell growths and the cell synthesize proteins and organelles |
| What happens in S phase? | chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of dna takes place. |
| What happens in G2 phase? | organelles and molecules for cells division are produced |
| what is the difference between chromatin, and chromosomes? | chromosomes - are with grainy appearances in the cell nucleus when the cell is not dividing. chromatin - distinct bodies when dna becomes visible during prophase |
| What is the function of spindle fibers? | structure that help sorts or separates chromosomes |
| What is the difference between how plant and animals cells divide during cytokinesis | Animals cells are split by the membrane pinching inward and in plant cells a cell plate is formed that separates it into two cells. |
| In what type of cell does mitosis take place? | Body cells (somatic cells) |
| What are the consequences of uncontrolled cell growth? | Cancer |
| A mass of cancerous cells is called what? | tumor |
| What happens in prophase? | Chromosomes become visible because chromatin condense. Centrioles separate and move to opposite sides. Spindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes. Nucleolus disappears |
| What happens in metaphase? | chromosomes line up at center of the cell, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes |
| What happens in anaphase? | Sisters chromatin separate individual chromosomes are moved apart |
| what happens in telophase? | chromosomes unwind, nuclear envelope reforms, nucleolus reappears in each daughter nucleus. Spindle fibers and centrioles disappear |
| what is the biome that has plants like cacti, nocturnal animals, sand soil, little precipitation? | Desert |
| what is the biome that has animals with thick fur, short growing season & permafrost? | tundra |
| what is the biome that has >200 cm rainfall per year, tree-dwelling animals & nutrient-poor soil? | tropical rain forest |
| what is the biome that has deep layer of topsoil, burrowing animals (prairie doges) & grazing animals (bison), few trees? | Temperate grassland |
| what is the biome that has 4 distinct season, mild climate, deciduous trees? | temperate deciduous forest |
| what is the biome that has grazing animals like zebra, lion and giraffes? | tropical savanna |
| what is the biome that has harsh winters, evergreen trees, elk & migratory birds? | northern coniferous forest |
| what is the biome that has temps. ranging from 26C to 27C & precipitation thought the year? | tropical rain forest |
| What are the two biomes with least amount of precipitation? | Tundra and desert |
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