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Arch Final ch 11
ch 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mesopotamia | a region along the course of the tigris and euphrates rivers centered in modern iraq |
| tigris and euphrates rivers | two large rivers that were the focus for the development of mesopotamian civilization |
| mesopotamian geography | sites buried in silt (not much known about paleolithic and neolithic periods) no mineral resources (only reeds to build and support with) fertile soils (contrast to desert) |
| uruk period | the period between 4000 and 3200 BC during which the first cities in mesopotamia were developed |
| early dynastic period | the period that follows the uruk period, during which southern mesopotamia was home to a series of city states |
| uruk | the oldest known city in the world, located in southern iraq |
| ziggurat | stepped or pyramid found in many mesopotamian temple precincts |
| more uruk | ubaid period (oldest city ever) in iraq. 20,000-40,000 people. imported stone temples. houses organized around courtyards. villages became less populated as urban population grew. |
| Mesopotamian government | temple, palace, city council |
| bevel-rim bowls | small undecorated vessels made of coarse Uruk-period sites |
| Surplus and specialization | agriculture = irrigation = canals. bevel-rim bowls maybe for bread or rice rations |
| royal tombs at ur | tombs dating to the early dynastic period in which the dead were buried with a spectacular ar |
| inequality in mesopotamia | denoted by clothing and hairstyle. tombs contained sacrifices and imported wealth (burial goods). King may have controlled textile trade/production. obvious wealth of power |
| cuneiform | a writing system in which signs were impressed in wet clay. cuneiform was used to write a range of languages, including sumerian and akkadian. |
| cylinder seals | one of the methods developed by mesopotamian scribes to mark ownership |
| mesopotamian writing | early dynastic period, cuneiform developed into syllables/symbols. written in sumerian and akkadian (which stemmed into hebrew, hittite and arabic). cylinder seals roll. recording transaction - bullae |
| habuba kebira | an uruk colony located on the upper reaches of the euphrates river in northern syria |
| war in mesopotamia | evidenced by walled cities, bound prisioners, war texts. limited tools |
| nile valley | a swath of lush vegetation descending from the highlands of ethiopia and standing in sharp contrast to the surrounding desert |
| upper egypt | the southern egyptian nile river valley ending in a series of cataracts, or rapids, in the area around the modern border between egypt and sudan |
| lower egypt | the northern part of the egyptian nile river valley, including the nile delta |
| narmer palette | artifact discovered at the site of the hierakinopolis; its two sides show the unification of upper and lower egypt |
| first dynasty | the dynasty based in hierakonopolis and abydos in upper egypt |
| hierakonopolis | along with abydos, one of the two centers of egypt during the late predynastic period and the first dynasty |
| abydos | the site of the royal cemetery of egypt during the first and second dynasties |
| ma'at | a concept that combines the virtues of balance and justice; it was of central importance in egyptian society |
| saqqara | the location of the stepped pyramid, the earliest pyramid constructed in egypt. in later periods, saqqara continued to be used as a sacred burial area |
| king djoser | the 3rd dynasty egyptian king who constructed the first pyramid, located at saqqara |
| giza | the site of the pyramids of cheops, cepheren, and mycerinus. monuments representing the apex of pyramid construction in old kingdom egypt |
| cheops | a 4th dynasty egyptian king who constructed the first and largest pyramid ever built at giza |
| cepheren | a 4th dynasty egyptian king who constructed a pyramid at giza that was slightly smaller than the one constructed by cheops. the great sphinx is located alongside the cepheren valley temple |
| mycerinus | the last 4th dynasty egyptian king to build a pyramid at giza; it was smaller than the other pyramids and at least partially sheathed in granite |
| amarna | a city built by the heretic king akhenaten and abandoned after his reign. excavation of this city has provided a unique horizontal exposure of an egyptian urban center |
| akhenaten | a religious reformer who built the city of amarna |
| jenne-jeno | the site of an urban center in mali, west africa, that predates extensive external contact |
Created by:
haleyBUGoxox
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