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A&P final MC
MC A&P final with sensory & endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sclera | s: dense fibrous CT "white" part of eye f: stabilizes shape of eye during movement by muscles |
| cornea | s: transparent area anterior surface of eye composed of dense matrix of multiple collagen fiber layers f: permits passage of light & curvature aids focusing process |
| choroid | s: cascular layer covered by sclera f: capillary network delivers 02 & nutrients to tissue within neural tunic |
| ciliary body | s: thickened region bulges into interior its ligaments extend to lens f: supports the lens & controls its shape behind the pupil |
| iris | s: colored part contains blood vessels, pigament cells, & layers of smooth muscle fibers f: changes the diameter of the pupil with muscle fibers |
| retina | outer pigmented layer contains photo-receptors inner nervous tissue layer contains supporting cells & neurons that perform preliminary processing & integration of visual info |
| photoreceptors | rod: allows to see in dimly lit but can't discriminate color cones: give color & sharper images required in intense light |
| optic disc | s: where the optic nerve comes in why? no retina can attach to the spot |
| fovea centralis | site of sharpest vision where we want light to go |
| 3 chambers & area | place: between anterior: cornea & iris posterior: iris & lens vitreous: behind lens |
| aqueous humor | location: anterior cavity f: provides transportation for nutrient & waste, forms a fluid cushion, helps retain eye shape, stabilizes position of retinal |
| vitreous humor | location posterior cavity |
| glaucoma | build up of fluid in the eyes because no blood can flow->no O2->effects retina->eventually lose photoreceptors |
| lens | held behind the iris by suspensory ligaments composed of lens fibers surrounded by a capsule focuses light on the retina bulges for near vision & no tension flattens for distant & has tensiion |
| cataract | lens becomes clouded & can happen with general age |
| eyelids | levator palpebrae superioris & orbiculari oculi tarsal glands |
| conjunctiva | protect doesn't allow things to go back in eye layers: palpebral (inner of eyelid) & bulbar |
| conjunctivitis | pink eye |
| lacrimal apparatus | glands: produces tears & enzyme lysozyme & antibodies for antibacterial lacrimal papilla punctum lacrimal canal lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct |
| extrinsic muscles | lateral rectus- laterally medial rectus- medially superior rectus- up & in inferior rectus- down & in superior oblique- down & out inferior oblique- up & out |
| 5 processes required for focusing of light waves & stimulation of photoreceptors | 1. light waves in 2. refraction through media 3. accomodation of lens 4. constriction of pupil regulate light into vitreous 5. convergence of eyeballs=acuity |
| transmission of light waves | cornea -> aqueous humor -> lens -> vitreous humor |
| refraction | bending of light waves occurs when light passes @ an angle of one density to another light focuses on the retina upside down & reversed L to R brain fixes |
| structures in refraction & why | cornea- major bender fluids very little effect lens- adjust the shape of your lens to sharpen images by getting them to cross @ fovea ciliary body & smooth muscle adjusters |
| lenses | convex- converge light waves concave- diverge light adjust it |
| myopia | "nearsighted" crosses too far away from retina b/c bend too soon could be lens |
| hyperopia | "farsighted" light waves don't bend very much & don't cross b4 fovea |
| accomodation | automatic adjustment of the curvature of the lens by contraction of the ciliary muscles to focus light waves on retina occurs when objects are viewed closer than 20 ft |
| how lens bulges | ciliary muscles contract & suspensory ligaments are loosened & lens bulges for accomodation |
| presbyopia | accomodation disorder lens loses elasticity & near images focus behind retina old age "nearsight" |
| constriction of pupil | radial- contract bigger/dilate circular- contract smaller/constrict triggered by light intensity & near vision pathways: ~ parasympathetic of circular ~ sympathetic to radial dilate pupil |
| convergence of the eyeballs | eyes rotate medially when viewing close objects with medial rectus light waves entering each eye will focus on the same part of retina |
| amblyopia | lazy eye deviation of one eye no concurrent convergence 2 images perceived by visual cortex |
| retinal pigaments composed by | Vitamin A:orange & red veggies |
| stimulation of photo receptors | photon of light reaches rod pigaments absorbs the light -> retinal & opsin separate from each other -> retinal is converted to original shape with use of ATP -> retinal & opsin comes back together nothing can happen in cell while doing this |
| achromatopsia | color blindness missing certain pigments in cones |
| nyctalopia | night blindness something wrong with the rods usually caused by prolonged deficiency of vitamin A which can permanently damage |
| pathway of vision to brain | photoreceptors -> neurons of retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasma -> optic tract -> thalmus -> primary visual cortex occipital lobe |
| binocular vision & depth perception | field of vision overlaps when only one eye functions properly depth perception is lost |
| blindness | from same eye so left field = left eye blind |
| auricle is composed of | elastic cartilage skin helix lobe tragus |
| external auditory canal | where ceruminous glands are |
| tympanic membrane | double layer epithelium that can repair self sensory innervation by cranial nerves |
| middle ear | air-filled chamber=tympanic cavity seperated from outer by eardrum inner by round & oval windows |
| eustachian tube | that adjust pressure to equalize pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane |
| ossicles | malleus, incus, & stapes transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to oval window |
| muscles in ear | tensor tympani attaches to malleus stapedius attaches to stapes involved in reflexes to prevent damage to membranes & receptors |
| inner ear | acts like bicycle tire bony labyrinth contains fluid known as perilymph outer tube membranous labyrinth contains endolymph inner tube vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, organ of corti |
| vestibule | bony contains round & oval windows membranous 1. utricle top & saccule little 2. macula contains hair cells which sense gravity & linear movement & change in position of head |
| otoliths | rocks in ear that moves with gravity on top of gel of cilia from macula static |
| semicircular canals | membranous- semicircular ducts ampulla- swellings where ducts connect with utricle crista ampullaris contains hair cells which sense dynamic rapid turns embedded in flat gel called the capula |
| cochlea | chambers: scala vestibuli- upper & continuous with vestibule & scala tympani- lower ends at round window both contain perilymph cochlear duct - middle with endolymph roof: vestibular membrane & floor: basilar membrane |
| organ of corti | in coclear duct along basilar membrane where mechanical impulses converted to nerve impulse sensory cells are hair cells 16,000 embeded on tectorial membrane functional unit of hearing |
| otitis media | middle ear infection usually bacterial some viral tubes put in the membrane to drain fluid |
| conduction deafness | conduction pathway usually b.w tympanic membrane to the oval window sometimes even the fluids or b4 the membrane are effected causes: earwax, infection of middle ear, stuff in ear |
| sensory deafness | something wrong with the receptors cells, craniall nerve VIII temporal lobe anything starting at the receptors to where the perception occurs |
| tinnitus | "ringing in your ears" irritated cells by over stimulation like driving in car for long time |
| smell | location: roof of nasal cavity receptors: chemoreceptors-smell dissolves & can note smell & stimulated by chemicals dissovled in fluids (breathe in gas_ |
| olfactory organs | found in the roof of the nasal cavity composed of olfactory receptor cells (bipolar neurons with cilia) surrounded by supporting epithelial cells |
| olfactory pathway | olfactory receptor cells -> through the holes in the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb -> olfactory tracts -> medial temporal lobe |
| lesions in olfactory | hallucination usually bad smell |
Created by:
midnight1854
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