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Zoology - bebe
Zoology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mammals: marking and defending their territory. | Territoriality |
| fertilization occurs immediately after population, arrested after 1st week or 2nd. | Embryonic diapause |
| know bone parts. | Skeleton |
| helps regulate heat loss from exposed areas. | Countercurrent heat exchange |
| can store sperm for up to 2 months. | Delayed fertilization |
| 1-7 = cervical 1-12 = thoracic 1-5 = lumbar sacrum - coccyx | Vertebral regions |
| females undergo when behavioral & physical siseptive to mate. | Estrus cycle |
| length of time it takes the young to develop inside female. 20 days - 19 months. | Gestation period |
| Deoxygenated blood from VENA CAVA.SUPERIOR VENA CAVA:head & arms. Interior:lower body. SUPERIOR:goes to RIGHT ATRIUM. TRICUSPID VALVE to RIGHT VENTRICLE out PULMONARY VALVE to LUNGS to LEFT ATRIUM.MITRIL VALVE in LEFT VENTRICLE out AORTIC VALVE to AORTA. | Circulatory pathway |
| gap in teeth. | Diastema |
| scent glands. | Musk |
| different teeth. | Heterodont |
| Keratin, protein. | Claws Made of? Macromolecule? |
| human: 2*1*2*3 Beavers: 1*0*1*3 | Dental Formula |
| sweat, salt & water. | Sudoriferous |
| hard & soft. Breath while we eat. | Secondary palate advantage |
| hair | Pelage |
| Insizers, canines, pre-molars, molars. | 4 kinds of teeth |
| oil | Sebaceous |
| female mammals, means milk. | Mammary |
| warm-blooded, hair, live birth. | 3 traits of mammals |
| (Ex. Brown Headed cow bird) Sympatric speciation. Makes other species take care of eggs. | Brood parasites |
| Eyes detect UV Rays or cloudy day. | Sun Compass |
| Birds | Class Aves |
| Birds pickup ants and rubs on feathers, because they have (formic acid) that is deadly to mites. | Anting |
| Hollow not completely. | Humerus structure of birds |
| mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Southern Hemisphere | breeding v. Wintering area |
| Their lively at hatching they are ready to go. | Precocial |
| wing & tail feathers Ex. flight feathers, tips of wings. Ex. contour feathers, base of flight feathers, streamlining. | Pennaceous feathers & examples |
| water bird | oil glands |
| In legs, help stay on branch while sleeping. | perching tendon |
| navigation for birds, for migration. | magnetic compass |
| helpless little baby, no feathers. | Altricial |
| thin, wispy like, warm feathers. Ex. down feathers. | Plumaceous feathers & example |
| First down feathers - regular feathers - post - juvenile molt- (tall) adult feathers. prenuctual feathers (breeding -post nuctual feathers. | Molting cycle |
| Wings: posterior(small point). anterior - (circle end). | Wings: anterior to posterior. |
| air rushes fast over. | Wings: upper surface |
| Increase lift. | Angle of attack |
| recovery stroke, cuts through air. | Upstroke: distal edge |
| Through esophagus to stomach. Proventriculus secretes gastric juices for digestion. Ventriculus is gizzard. To intestines to cloaca, where waste passes out. | Digestive pathway |
| one partner Ex. swans | Monogamous & example |
| air gets cupped. ventral/concaid, high pressure | Wings: lower surface |
| small feathers on front wings, direct air over back. | Alula |
| expands tail out to decend. | Tail movements |
| cycle one: inhale. air comes through bronches - abdominal sacs - start of lungs, (parabronchi) Exhale: through middle of lungs. Cycle two: inhale. end of parabronchi - inflates thoracic sacs. Exhale: out thoracic sacs. | Gas exchange cycles |
| multiple females, turkeys. | Polygynous & example |
| pushes up, caused by shape of wing. | Lift |
| powerstroke, cups air. wing tips cups down. | Downstroke: distal edge |
| gliding - cranes, stationary wings. flapping - cardinal, up & down. soaring - tilting, eagle. hovering: quick flaps frontward & back. humming bird. | 4 flight patterns & examples |
| binocular: eyes on front of face. better depth perception. monocular: eyes on sides of face. | Binocular & monocular vision |
| multiple males, females are bigger. Spotted sandpiper. | Polyandrous & example |
| What is the vector (animal that transmits) African sleeping sickness? | Tsetse fly |
| Photosynthetic protozoan with flagella. | phytoflagellated |
| doesn't require oxygen | Aneorobic |
| outer layer of mollusk. Secretes shell material | Mantle |
| beef tapeworm - In human and cattle. | Taeniarhynchus saginatus |
| Repeating segments of a worms body. Adds below neck. | proglottid |
| It goes through snails. By skin contact. | How do people aquire blood flukes? |
| Undercooked fish | How do people acquire Chinese liver fluke? |
| sheep liver flukes | Fasciola hepatica |
| organism formed from budding | Zooid |
| Chordata | Human phylum |
| African sleeping sickness | Trypanosoma brucei |
| Type of Hydrogenosome | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Excavata, Amoebozoa, Rhizaria, Chromalveolata | 4 supergroups of Protozoa |
| bread fish tapeworm | Diphyllobothrium latum |
| hooks used to attach to the intestines | Scolex |
| blood flukes | Schistosomes |
| undercooked fish, affects liver | Clororchis sinesis |
| have one form | Monogenetic |
| aquatic predator worms, covered in cilia. | Turbellaria: Describe the animals found in this class |
| false foot | pseodopod |
| Heterotrophic protozoan with flagella | zooflagellated |
| causes giardia, Aneorobic. | giardia intestinalis |
| 180 degree twist. Helps but head and feet next to each other. | Torsion |
| long flat worms, Proboscis | Example animal from phylum Nemertea |
| pork tapeworm | Taenia solium |
| All parasites, tapeworms | Class Cestoidea |
| snails, fish | What two animals are hosts of the Chinese liver fluke? |
| ectoparasitic fluke on fish. | Class Monogenea |
| Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm. | Three layers of a triblastic animal |
| Cycleophora - mouths of lobsters | Newest phylum? Lives where? |
| food & defense | Purpose of nematocyst |
| Two planes, Ex, humans | bilateral symmetry |
| K,P,C,O,F,G,S | Levels of scientific classification |
| Osmosis, state of tissue tone or tension. | Tonicity in which water moves into protist |
| mouth of protist | Cytopharynx |
| Ectoderm, Endoderm | 2 layers of a diploblastic animal |
| Ex. of Apicomplexa, malaria | plasmodium |
| Ex. of Entamoebida - unsanitary crowded condition | Entamoeba histolytica causes this |
| Ex. of Apicomplexa. In cat feces. | Toxoplasma |
| the way we classify organisms. | Taxonomy |
| Eating water crest | How do people acquire sheep liver flukes? |
| Superior. 3 domains: Eubacteria, Asschaea, & Eukarya. | Domains in relation to kingdoms |
| small flat worms, bilateral symmetrical | Acoelomorpha: Describe the animals in this phylum |
| Inner layer of cytoplasm | Endoplasm |
| transports to mitochondria or Lysosomes | Food vacuole |
| splitting int. two | binary fission |
| Ameba, not symmetrical | Asymmetry |
| Phylum Ctenophora | Sea walnuts |
| Alternation of generations | 2 body forms is called this |
| lid displaced upon discharge on a nematocyst. | Operculum |
| Plasmodium. Through mosquitos. | Transmits malaria |
| hairlike projections that move the cell | Cilia |
| How species have changed over time | phylogeny |
| outer layer, under plasma membrane | Pellicle |
| Takes in water. Entering through osmosis | Contractile vacuole |
| After food vacuole is used. | Egestion vacuole |
| Splits, but new protist is smaller | Budding |
| Jellyfish, vertical, one plane | Radial symmetry |
| Phylum Ctenophora | Comb jellies |
| A phylum that deals with reefs. | Cnidaria |
| F.R. Apicomplexa resists cloronation, affects AIDS patients. | Cryptosporidium |
| Reefs, Hydrozoa | freshwater Cnidarian |
| A phylum that deals with sponges | Porifera |
| mammalia | Human class |
| outer layer of cytoplasm | Ectoplasm |
| chitin | Exoskeleton material |
| specialized body region of arthropods. | Tagmata |
| swelling caused by Wucheria | Elephantiasis |
| caused by the pork worm | Trichinosis |
| skin contact. In southern U.S. through feet, between toes. | New World Hookworm transmittal & range |
| Pin worms. lower part of intestines. Ingesting feces. | Enterobius vermicularis |
| Round worms | Phylum Nematoda |
| Jet perpulsions | Cephalopoda movement |
| process from immature to adult. Caterpillar to butterfly. | metamorphosis |
| Carbohydrate. Polysaccharide. | Chitin macromolecule |
| Arthropoda | Spider phylum |
| Pinchers | Chelicerae |
| start in ocean, and come up at night | Krill migration |
| Lyme Disease & Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | Diseases from ticks |
| Frame silk: outsides radial threads: spokes catching spiral: middle | Silk types in web |
| hard shell | Carapace |
| walking legs: for movement. Mouth: eats. Carapace: Hard shell. Genital operculum: lid covering. Gill operculum: covers the gills. Book gills: look like pages in book. Telson: tail. | Horseshoe crab diagram and parts |
| A way that spiders, scorpions, ticks, or mites get rid of wastes. | Malpighian tubules |
| eggs develop outside the body. Ex. spiders & turtles | Oviparous |
| Most common fossil | Trilobite |
| Animalia | Kingdom we're studying |
| 9-13, the walking legs on crayfish | Pereopods |
| attaches the prosoma to opisthosoma. Usually spiders | pedicel |
| sticky, elastic, stronger than Kevlar, made of protein. | Properties of silk |
| directs where web goes | spinnerets |
| Lid that opens upon discharge of nematocyst. | Operculum |
| sensory receptors | Sensilla |
| Chelicerae: 1st pair. Pedipalps: 2nd pair. walking legs: walking. stinging tail: venom. median eye: towards middle. lateral eye: away from middle. sensilla: sensory receptors. Prosoma: Front. Opisthosoma: back. pre & post abdomen. | Scorpion diagram |
| Cephalothorax:head & thorax.Abdomen:stomach area.1st & 2nd Append:1st & 2nd antena.3rd append:mandables.4th & 5th:1st & 2nd Maxilla.Maxilliped:food hand. & sensory 6-8 Pereopods:9-13 for walking legs.Gills:where append. meets body.Thoracic appen:pinchers. | Shrimp diagram |
| (continued) Pleopods: Last append. except for last 2. Telson: tail area. | (conti) Shrimp diagram |
| Live birth, egg supplies nutrients for the body. | Ovoviparous |
| towards the front. | prosoma |
| 2nd pair. | Pedipalps |
| Appendages except for last two. | Pleopods |
| Arachnida | Spider class |
| food handling & sensory - pairs 6-8 | Maxillipeds |
| black widow - red hourglass. brown recluse - violin shape mark. | poisonous spiders in area & their markings |
| Eyes, Chelicarae, Pedipalps, prosoma, opisthosoma, pedicel,back lung slit, abdomen, spiracle, spinnerets | Spider diagram |
| live birth. mother provides nutrients. Ex. humans | Viviparous |
| female will release pheromones to attract a mate. | Horseshoe crab mating |
| dances front to back. male drops sperm sac then forces the female on it. | Scorpion mating |
| tail | Telson |
| Horseshoe crabs | Class Merostomata species |
| towards the back | Opisthosoma |
| last 2 appendages on tail. Ex. crayfish, shrimp. | Uropod |
| outer skeleton | Exoskeleton |
| horse hair worms, gordian | phylum nematomorpha |
| transported by mosquitos. causes Filariasis. In blood vessels. In lymphatic system causes elephantitus heartworms in dogs filarial worms. | Wucheria |
| Pork worm. uncooked pork. causes trichinosis | Trichinella spiralis |
| ingesting feces. lower part of intestines | Pinworm transmittal |
| roundworm of humans. ingesting feces. small intestines. | Ascaris lumbricoides |
| reproductive sac on worms | Clittelum |
| worms | Phylum Annelida |
| clams, oysters. (two sides of its shells) | Bivalve species |
| chemical smell to attract a mate | Pheromones |
| Babies (newly hatched) for insects | Larva |
| mosquitos | Wucheria vector |
| rodents & pigs | Porkworm vector |
| New World Hookworm southern U.S. small intestine. through skin contact | Necator americanus |
| segments on its body | Metamerism |
| ingesting feces | Roundworm of humans transmittal |
| squids & octopus's. Jet perpulsion capture prey with tentacles. | Class Cephalopoda |
| Leeches | Hirudinea |
| molting | Ecdysis |
| with pseudopod | Ameoba locomotion, and made of? |
| Arthropoda | Crab phylum |
| Arthropoda sub: Myripoda | Millipede Phylum |
| Annelida | Leech phylum |
| 4x | Scanning objective |
| smaller knob | Fine Adjustment Knob |
| only fine adjustment | Which adjustment(s) with high-power objective? |
| Phenotypic ratio | Appearance |
| Louse nit | eggs from lice. glue to hair |
| butterfly phylum | Arthropoda |
| Spider phylum | Arthropoda |
| stage | where organism is placed to be observed on microscope |
| Which adjustment(s) with scanning objective? | course & fine |
| Shannon-Weiner score comparisons | The higher the score, the more dense the area is with organisms. |
| Dichotomous means? | divides in two |
| Earthworm phylum | Annelida |
| Clam phylum | Mollusca |
| Earthworm bristles | setae |
| High-power objective | 400x use only fine adjustment |
| longest objective | 400x, high power use only fine |
| Biodiversity | variety of life or species |
| Squid phylum | Mollusca |
| Coral phylum | Cnidaria |
| Hydra phylum | Cnidaria |
| Contractile vacuole takes this in | water |
| Course adjustment knob | big knob. only for low power |
| Which adjustment(s) with low-power objective? | course & fine adjustment |
| Genotypic ratio | not appearance. 2:1:1 |
| Octopus phylum | Mollusca |
| Worm phylum | Annelida |
| Earthworm reaction to light | goes away from light |
| field of view | the area through a microscope that you can see |
| first objective when viewing slide | scanning |
| Shannon-Weiner is what? | test to measure diversity |
| How to use a dichotomous key | start on #1 and read carefully. Then examine the organism. Choose which step is right and follow that step. Keep going until you get to an end. |
| Jellyfish phylum | Cnidaria |
| Sea Anemone phylum | Cnidaria |
| Hermaphrodite | both male & female in one. |
| Low-power objective | 100x, use cause & fine adjustment |
| Built-in scope magnification | 10x |
| Kleenex on lens? | never |
| Chewing louse vs. sucking louse | chewing louse = wide mouth. sucking louse = narrow mouth. |
| Class Chilopoda | Centipedes |
| Order Lepidoptera | Moths, butterflies |
| Class Diplopoda | Millepedes |
| Order Trichoptera | Caddis Flies |
| Order Coleoptera | Beetles |
| Class Insecta | Insects |
| Order Mantodea | Mantids |
| Phylum Arthopoda | ants, crabs, spiders |
| Order Hymenoptera | Ants, bees, wasps |
| Order Blattaria | Cockroaches |
| Order Diptera | Flies |
| Order Plecoptera | stone flies |
| Order Ephemeroptera | mayflies |
| Order Orthoptera | grasshoppers, crickets, katydids |
| Order Odonata | Dragon flies, damselflies |
| Order Isoptera | Termites |
| Order Siphonaptera | Fleas |
| Order Phthiraptera | Sucking & chewing lice |
| Diseases transmitted by insects | malaria, lyme disease, african sleeping sickness, babonic plague. |
| Tympanic organ | thin membrane over air sac. picks up vibrations, like drums |
| Mouths of butterflies, mosquitoes, flies | narrow, for sucking |
| Trailing pheromone & example | helps other members of a colony to identify location & quantity of food by one member of a colony. (termites) |
| Holometabolous | radical change, butterfly. reduces competition. |
| Central disk | area in middle of starfish. |
| Class Asteroidea | starfish |
| Aristotle's lantern | chewing apparatus expelled from mouth. 35 ossicles to cut food. |
| Protandry | makes males & releases first, then releases females. |
| Stalk | where a sea lilie attaches to a substrate. |
| Lateral line filled with and purpose | vibrations in water |
| Class Petromyzontida | lampreys |
| 2 fish adaptations for swimming | uses pelvic fins, bones & tissues are less dense. |
| Subphylum Cephalochordata species | lancelets |
| Class Crinoidea | sea lillies & feather stars |
| Hemimetabolous | immature gradually takes adult form |
| Chordata symmetry | bilateral |
| Osteichthyes | bony fish, 24,000 species |
| Fish muscle arrangement | undulate posteriorly |
| Class Sarcopterygii | lungfish |
| Lamprey's mouth & saliva | teeth line mouth tongue wears away at scale. saliva has anticoajulate |
| 3 parts of insect thorax | prothorax, mesothorax, zetathorax |
| Sea urchin feeding pathway | Food enters tube feet, aristotles lantern, mouth cavity, pharynx, esophagus, intestines, anus |
| Atrial siphon | opening for excurrent water, out. |
| Stolons | root like extensions of tunic |
| Parts of a lancelet | notochord, oral hood, cirri, pharangeal slits, midgut cecum, atrium, atriospore, dorsal & caudal fin. |
| lamprey life cycle | male make depresion.Fmale go by nest.attach to rock.male attach to fmale.wraps body around.Fmale shed eggs.he fertilizes.cover depression w/sand.Parents die.3 wks pass, eggs hatch.Larva filter feed for 3-7 yrs metamorphosis/special mouth.travel to sea to |
| Lungfish adaptation | can survive 6 months in mud. |
| Fish circulatory system pathway | deoxygenated blood comes in. go to atrium next, then to ventrical. to conus arteriosis.to ventral aorta.to vessels called afferent brachial arteries. to gills. to gill capillaries. oxygen gets in. to efferent brachial arteries. to dorsal aorta. to body. |
| Nephrons | filters toxins in kidneys of fish. |
| Thermo-regulation | regulating body temperature |
| Cryptic coloration in insects | camoflauge. moths that look like bark. |
| Specific benefits of flight | getting food, migrating easier, getting away, breeding purposes, invading new habitats |
| Caste-regulating pheromone & example | used by social insects to control the development of individuals in a colony. (ants) |
| Osmotic movement of water in fresh and marine fish | fresh - hypotonic marine - hypertonic |
| Parts of a fish | anterior dorsal, posterior dorsal, caudal, anal, pelvic, pectoral, gill operculum, lateral line |
| ichthyology | studying fish |
| 4 characteristics of Phylum Chordata | notochord, dorsal neural tube, pharnygeal slit, post anal tail |
| Sea squirt metamorphosis | skin shrinks & pulls the notochord, forming adult tissue. rotates 180 degrees |
| Crown | unattached end |
| How do starfish eat? | attaches to mollusks, pull apart, pushes stomach into bivalve w/ digestive enzyme, digest & retracts. |
| Ametabolous metamorphosis | without sexual maturity & body size is way different from young & old. |
| Caverian tubules | In respiratory tree in sea cucumbers, comes out of anus to scare predators. |
| lancelet feeding | filter feeders |
| Class Echinoidea | sand dollars & sea urchins |
| Pinnules | branch off of arms, featherlike |
| Subphylum Urochordata species | tunicates, largest class. sea squirts. |
| Arms | sea lillies & feather stars |
| Symmetry in echinoderms | Penta radial |
| Respiratory tree functions how? | anus opens up, water flows in anus pushes out water. 2 tubes branch off rectum. |
| Lateral canals | branch of radial canals |
| Monoecious | one sex |
| Alarm pheromone & example | released to warn others of danger. |
| Parts of a hagfish | 4 pairs of tennacles, sensory surround mouth, ventrolateral produce lots of slime |
| Johnston's organs & setae | at the base of the antenae, setae vibrate when they hear certain frequencies |
| Shark teeth | scales, lots of teeth, rows of them |
| Nares - used for? | Nose-smell migration |
| Paddlefish found where? | lakes & river of Mississippi river basin |
| Phylum Echinodermata | All marine |
| Instar | stages of insects life |
| Kin selection | give up reproduction rights for survival of thos related to you. |
| Kingdom & Phylum & class of insects | kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class:Insecta |
| Sex pheromone & example | excite & attract opposite sex. horseshoe crabs & bees |
| Dessicate | to dry out |
| Ossicles | skeletal plates, mesoderm |
| Suction cups | at ends of tube feet |
| Sea Urchin subtrate | any hard surface they attach to |
| Oral hood | projects over anterior end |
| Oral siphon | inlet for water opposite of attached end |
| Cirri | ciliated, hangs from oral hood, where food gets sorted |
| Calyx | where crown meets stalk |
| Phylum Chordata examples | vertebrae or closely related invertebrates, humans, fish |
| Class Holothuroidea | cucumber with spines |
| Dioecious | Males & females are different. Ex: Humans |
| Radial canals | (s) branch off of ring canal |
| Class Chondrichthyes | fish w/ cartilage |
| Class Myxini | hag fish |
| Tracheae | branch system of tubes throughout body, carbon + 0 2 exch. |
| Bilateral placement advantage | tympanic organ on both sides lets it hear from both sides |
| Copraphage | eat waste, garbage, herbivores, ditridivores, carnivores |
| 2 factors influencing reproduction | environmental conditions, health of mothers |
| Paddlefish rostrum | long snouts, detect electrical fields |
| Bee Hive Social Structure | four caste: workers, queens, soldiers, & drones. Queen secretes caste regulating. |
| Mimicry in insects | look like a different animal, camo. butterfly |
| Electro-reception | can sense electrical fields |
| Tube feet | end of lateral canals |
| Fish adaptations for buoyancy | livers have buoyant oils, use pelvic fins, tissue & bones are lighter, swim bladder with nematic sac. |
| Nymph | step above larva, immature |
| Advantage of echinoderm symmetry | odd number of legs, makes it stronger. |
| Aggregation pheromone & example | produced to attract individuals to feeding or mating sights. flies |
| Shivering thermogenesis | shivering to create body heat |
| Fish gas exchange pathway | veins-carry deoxygenated blood- sinous venus- atrium-venticle-canus arteriorus - ventricle aorta - afferent brachial - gill capillaries - efferent brachial - dorsal aorta capillary |
| Class Actinopterygii | sturgens, paddlefish |
| Caste | social order, grouping with species |
| Ring Canal | surrounds mouth of sea stars |
| Class Amphibia | frogs, salamanders, noots, toads, land & water |
| Tertrapod | four legs |
| Amphibia found | everywhere but Antarctica |
| Amphibia species | 6,000 |
| Amphibia order | Caudata: Salamander, 400 species |
| Amphibia legs | unspecialized compared to frogs. |
| Amphibia found in | caves, dark places, under rocks. |
| Family Salamandridae | noots, in water |
| 2 cm - 1.5 meters Convert! | 2 cm - 150 cm, .78 in - 59.1 in .065ft - 4.92 ft |
| North Americas largest | Hellbender |
| Fertilization | inside female, coupulate. |
| Spermatophore | pyramid of sperm |
| Spermatheca | pouch where female stores sperm |
| Larva | aquatic |
| metamorphosis | Change, sometimes go under metamorphosis when pond dries out. |
| Order Gynophiona | caecilians, snakelike |
| Order Gynophiona commonly called | Caecilians |
| Gynophiona eyes | covered by skin, nearly blind |
| Gynophiona behavior | they burrow |
| Gynophiona fertilication | internal |
| Order Anura | frogs & toads, 4,000 species |
| Anura feet | webbed, sticky |
| anura legs | very muscular, specialized |
| Anura fertilization | external |
| Anura eggs and larva | tadpole |
| anura drastic metamorphosis | loses tail & gills, aquatic, terra |
| Anura Family Bufonidae | toads, skin is different, toads are dryer & wartier. Bufo americanus. |
| Family Ranidae | frogs, smooth and wet |
| Amphibian properties: skin secretions | antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer? |
| Amphibian skin | no scales, no hair, epidermal layer. |
| Amphibian glandular | lots of glands. |
| 4 functions of Amphibians glands | 1. secrete toxic chemicals, discourage predators. 2. secrete water to stay moist 3. poisonous neurotoxin 4. sticky stuff for mating |
| Amphibian Chromatophores | color, cells on epidermis that control skin color. |
| Amphibian skull | top is flat. can peek above water. |
| Vertebrae cervical | first vertabrae, supports head. |
| Sacral vertebrae | last trunk vertebrae |
| 1st caudal vertebrae | 1st tail bone |
| Vertebrae Zygaphoses | where bone interlocks, prevents twisting. |
| body wall musculature v. fish | fish has more body wall masculature. frogs have more masculature on appendages. |
| how do salamanders move? | Pulls with front, back legs swing from side to side. |
| Anurans nutrition | carnivores |
| Larva | eat grass particles |
| salamanders & caecilians | smell, olfactory |
| adult anurans | sight, to capture prey. Capture w/ tongue w/ mucus glands. |
| Blood leaves conus arterious, 3 different directions | Carotid: takes blood to head. Systemic: through limbs. Pulmonary: to lungs. |
| Gas exchange (anurans) | occurs across skin, cutaneous. |
| Cutaneous respiration | across the skin |
| Buccal pump | ventilation mechanism |
| Buccopharyngeal ventilation | occurs in mouth & pharynx. |
| Anurans temperture regulation | ectothermic |
| ectothermic | rely o environment to maintain body temperature. cold blooded. |
| to change body temperature anurans | bask or burrow. |
| Brain of amphibians | forebrain - olfactory midbrain - usual hindbrain - motor coordination homeostasis |
| sensory receptors | lateral line important when tadpole |
| sight - accommodation | focusing - have rods & cones |
| Anurans tympanic organs | thin membrane |
| dessicate | to dry out. stay in moist place. skin takes in water. |
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