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A&P Ch 22 Kuntzman
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Routes thru which oxygenated blood flows from the left ventricle through the aorta to all the organs except for the lungs & deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium | Systemic circulation |
| What do gasses, nutrients, & waste move through? | Capillaries (during systemic circulation) |
| The flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs & the return of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium | Pulmonary circulation |
| List the order of blood flow from superior vena cava to body | Superior vena cava to R atrium, thru AV/tricuspid valve to R ventricle, thru pulm semilunar valve, to pulm artery, to lungs, thru pulm vein to L atrium, thru AV mitral/bicuspid valve to L ventricle, thru aortic semilunar valve, aorta & out to the body |
| An anatomical region that includes all the visceral organs within the thoracic cavity except the lungs | Mediastinum |
| What 8 things are found in the mediastinum? | 1)Heart, vessels of the heart 2)esophagus 3)trachea 4)phrenic nerve 5)cardiac nerve 6)thoracic duct 7)thymus 8)lymph nodes of central chest |
| How is the heart related to your fist? | The human heart is approx. the size of a human fist |
| Membrane that surrounds the heart. It is a loos fitting double-layered sac | Pericardium |
| What are the 3 functions of the pericardium? | 1)Protects the heart 2)prevents over-stretching of the heart 3)anchors the heart to the mediastinum |
| Name the 4 layers of the heart from the outside in | 1) Pericardium 2)Epicardium 3)Myocardium 4)Endocardium |
| This is made of fibrous connective tissue and is a sac that extends inferiorly over the diaphragm & superiorly over bases of large vessels that enter/exit the heart. | Fibrous Pericardium |
| Serous membrane lining the fibrous pericardium | Parietal pericardium |
| Epicardium on the surface of the heart which is a protective layer | Visceral pericardium |
| Where do you find serous fluid and what is its purpose for the heart? | Serous fluid is found in the pericardial cavity between the parietal & visceral layers. It prevents friction. |
| Thin, serous membrane anchored to the heart. It is a protective layer. | Epicardium |
| Thick, striated, involuntary cardiac muscle tissue, and is the bulk of the heart. Muscle fibers swirl diagonally around the heart in bundles. It performs a pumping action. | Myocardium |
| Thin, smooth inner layer of chambers. Covers valves of heart & continuous within lining of blood vessels attached to the heart. It permits blood to move easily thru the heart & prevents abnormal blood clotting | Endocardium |
| How many chambers of the heart are there and what are they? | Four (Two upper/atria & two lower/ventricles) |
| Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? | Left atrium |
| Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the body? | Right atrium |
| Which chamber pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs? | Right ventricle |
| Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body? | Left ventricle |
| Located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the AV valves via the chordae tendinae & contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves | Papillary muscles |
| What are chordae tendinae called? | The heart strings |
| These connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid & mitral valves | Chordae tendinae |
| Which atrioventricular valve is on the right side of the heart? | Trucuspid |
| Which atrioventricular valve is on the left side of the heart? | Mitral/bicuspid |
| Which valve is between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery? | Pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Which valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta? | Aortic semilunar valve |
| The pathway followed by the blood from the ascending aorta thru the blood vessels supplying the heart & returning to the right atrium. Also called cardia circulation | Coronary circulation |
| What blood vessels are taking blood to the myocardium? | The left & right coronary arteries |
| What blood vessels are taking blood from the myocardium? | The coronary veins |
| What happens during the Pwave? | Systole: Atrial depolarization "impulse" (something is getting ready to contract) |
| A group of autorhythmic cardiac muscle fibers that generates & distributes electrical impulses to stimulate coordinated contraction of the heart chambers | Conduction system |
| What 5 cells form the conduction system? | 1)Sinoatrial (SA) node 2)Atrioventricular (AV) node 3)Atrioventricular (AV) bundle 4)Right & left bundle branches 5)Purkinje fibers |
| What are the 4 cells that are self-excitable? | Autorhythmic: 1)Cardiomyocites 2)Pacemaker cells 3)Purkinje cells 4)Smooth muscle cells |
| Name in the correct order the 5 components of the conduction system | 1)Sinoatrial (SA) node 2)Atrioventricular (AV) node 3)Atrioventricular bundle 4)Right & left branches 5)Purkinje fibers |
| What is the natural pacemaker of the heart? | Sinoatrial node (SA) |
| What structure causes both atria to contract simultaneously? | Sinoatrial node (SA) |
| How does the AV node allow more time for the atria to finish contracting? | Cells in the AV node conduct impulses more slowly which allows time for the atrium to finish contracting before the ventricle begins contracting |
| What 3 components cause both ventricles to contract simultaneously? | AV bundle, bundle branch or Purkinje fibers |
| A recording of the electrical changes that accompany each cardiac cycle (heartbeat) | Electrocardiogram |
| Atrial depolarization (contracting). Spread of impulse from SA node over atria | P wave |
| Ventricular depolarization (contracting). Spread of impulse through ventricles | QRS complex |
| Ventricular repolarization | T wave |
| Sequence of events in one heart beat | Cardiac cycle |
| What does the cardiac cycle consist of | Consists of the systole & diastole of both atria, rapidly followed by the systole & diastole of both ventricles |
| What does systole mean? | When both atria contract |
| What does diastole mean? | When both ventricles contract |
| The act of listening to sounds within the body | Auscultation |
| What is the first heart sound & what is happening in the heart to make this sound? | Lubb: it is caused by closure of the AV valves at the beginning ventricluar systole (tricuspid, bicuspid/mitral) |
| What is the second heart sound and what is happening in the heart to make this sound? | Dupp: it is caused by closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole (higher pitch than the first) |
| An abnormal sound that consists of a flow noise that is heard before, between, or after the lubb-dupp or that may mask the normal sounds entirely | Murmur |
| What is the valve between the left atrium & left ventricle? | Bicuspid/Mitral valve |
| What is the valve between the right atrium & right ventricle? | Tricuspid |
| What chamber pumps blood to the lungs? | Right ventricle |
| What chamber pumps blood into the aorta? | Left ventricle |
| What chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? | Left atrium |
| What chamber receives deoxygenated blood from the body? | Right atrium |
| What valve is between the left ventricle and aorta? | Aortic valve |
| What valve is between the right ventricle & pulmonary trunk? | Pulmonary valve |
| Which blood vessel primarily delivers deoxygenated blood from parts of the above above the heart? | Superior vena cava |
| Where would an embolus originating in the coronary sinus first enter? | Right atrium |
| Which chamber of the heart has the thickest layer of myocardium? | Left ventricle |
| How does the heart contract during a normal heart action? | The two atria contract together and then the two ventricles contract together |
| What are heart sounds produced by? | Closure of the heart valves |
| Heart rate and strength of contraction are controlled by the cardiovascular center, which is located where? | Medulla oblongata |
| The portion of the ECG that corresponds to atrial depolarization is what? | P wave |
| The opening in the semilunar valves is due to the pressure in what? | The ventricles exceeding the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| A wrinkled pouch-like structure on the anterior surface of each atrium | Auricle |
| Important in maintaining equal blood output from both ventricles is called what? | The Frank-Starling law of the heart |
| Related to the stretching of the cardiac muscle cells in the atria | The Frank-Starling law of the heart |
| What is the 5 steps in the pathway of an action potential thru the heart's conduction system? | 1) SA node 2)AV node 3)AV bundle 4)Left & right branches 5)Purkinje fibers |
| Equals stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR) | Cardiac output |
| Most heart problems are due to what? | Coronary circulation |
| What is the volume of blood per minute pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta called? | Cardiac output |
| What does cardiac output measure? | The effectiveness of the heart to pump blood |
| What is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle each contraction or beat called? | Stroke volume |
| What is the number of heartbeats per minute called? | Heart rate |
| What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart? | The more the heart is stretched = the greater the force of contraction |
| How does the cardiovascular center in the medulla regulate heart rate? | 1) Sympathetic impulses increase heart rate & force of contraction 2) Parasympathetic impulses decrease heart rate |
| How do baroreceptors function? | Baroreceptors detect change in BP and send info to the cardiovascular center |
| List some factors that affect heart rate | Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, correct sodium - potassium - and calcium concentrations, emotions, age, gender, physical fitness, & temperature |
| Explain how aerobic exercise benefits cardiac output, gas exchange, and metabolism | Aerobic exercise increases cardiac output & elevates metabolic rate |
| List some of the benefits of regular exercise | Decreases anxiety & depression, controls weight, increases ability to dissolve blood clots by increasing fibrinolytic activity |
| Condition in which the heart muscle receives an inadequate amount of blood due to obstruction of its blood supply | Coronary artery disease |
| Death of an area of heart muscle from lack of oxygen | Myocardial infarction |
| Heart pain from ischemia of cardiac muscle | Angina pectoris |
| Process in which smooth muscle cells proliferate and fatty substances, especially cholesterol & triglycerides, accumulate in the walls of the medium-sized and large arteries in response to certain stimuli, such as endothelial damage | Atherosclerosis |
| An irregularity in heart rhythm resulting from a defect in the conduction system of the heart | Arrhythmia |
| What is bradycardia? | Slow heart beat |
| What is tachycardia? | Fast heart beat |
| What is fibrillation? | Rapid/uncoordinated heart beat |
| Chronic or acute state that results when the heart is not capable of supply the oxygen demands of the body | Congestive heart failure |
Created by:
khawkin
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