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Myers 9 Chapter 16

Bell West / Social Psychology

QuestionAnswer
social psychology the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.
attribution theory the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
fundamental attribution error the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.
attitude feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
central route to persuasion occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.
peripheral route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
foot-in-the-door phenomenon the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
role a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
cognitive dissonance theory the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
conformity adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
normative influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
informational social influence influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.
social facilitation stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
social loafing the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
group polarization the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.
groupthink the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a reaiistic appraisal of alternatives.
prejudice an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves sterotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.
stereotype a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it's members.
ingroup "us" - people with whom we share a common identity.
outgroup "them" - those preceived as different or apart from the in group.
ingroup bias the tendency to favor our own group.
scapegoat theory the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
other-race effect the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.
just-world phenomenon the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
frustration-aggression principle the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.
mere exposure effect the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
passionate love an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
companionate love the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
equity a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
self-disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
altruism unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
bystander effect the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
social exchange theory the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
conflict a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideals
social trap a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
mirror-image perceptions mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.
superordinate goals shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
GRIT Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
deindividuation the loss of self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
reciprocity norm an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
social-responsibility norm an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
Created by: rkratina
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