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Chapter 8 GPSPTP
General Principles of Sensory Processing, Touch and Pain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Sensory Receptor Organ? | An organ (such as the eye or ear) specialized to receive particular stimuli. |
| What is a Stimulus? | A physical event that triggers a sensory response. |
| What is a receptor cell? | A specialized cell that responds to a particular energy or substance in the internal or external environment, and converts this energy into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane. |
| What is an adequate stimulus? | The type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted. |
| What are Specific nerve energies? | The doctrine that the receptors and neural channels for the different senses are independent and operate in their own special ways, and can produce only one particular sensation each. |
| What are labeled lines? | The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information. |
| What is sensory transduction? | The process in which a receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus into a change in the electrical potential across its membrane. |
| What is a generator potential? | A local change in the resting potential of a receptor cell that mediates between the impact of stimuli and the initiation of nerve impulses. |
| What is a Pacinian corpuscle? | A skin receptor cell type that detects vibration. |
| What is a threshold? | The stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger a nerve impulse in the axon. |
| What is coding? | The rules by which action potentials in a sensory system reflect a physical stimulus. |
| What is a range fractionation? | A hypothesis of stimulus intensity perception stating that a wide range of intensity values can be encoded by a group of cells, each of which is a specialist for a particular range of stimulus intensities. |
| What is somatosensory? | Body sensation, referring to touch and pain sensation. |
| What is adaptation? | The progressive loss of receptor sensitivity as stimulation is maintained. |
| What is tonic receptor? | A receptor in which the frequency of nerve impulse discharge declines slowly or not at all as stimulation is maintained. |
| What is phasic receptor? | A receptor in which the frequency of nerve impulse discharge drops rapidly as stimulation is maintained. |
| What is sensory pathway? | The chain of neural connections from sensory receptor cells to the cortex. |
| What is thalamus? | The brain regions at the top of the brain stem that trade information with the cortex. |
| What is central modulation of sensory information? | The process in which higher brain centers, such as the cortex and thalamus, suppress some sources of sensory information and amplify others. |
| What is receptive field? | The stimulus region and features that cause the maximal response of a cell in a sensory system. |
| What is the primary sensory cortex? | For a given sensory modality, the region of cortex that receives most of the information about that modality from the thalamus or, in the case of olfaction, directly from the secondary sensory neurons. |
| What is secondary sensory cortex or non primary sensory cortex? | For a given sensory modality, the cortical regions receiving direct projections from primary sensory cortex for that modality. |
| `What is primary somatosensory cortex (S1) or somatosensory 1? | The gyrus posterior to the central sulcus where sensory receptors on the body surface are mapped. Primary cortex for receiving touch and pain information, in the parietal lobe. |
| What is secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) or somatosensory 2? | The region of cortex that receives direct projections from primary somatosensory cortex. |
| What is attention? | A state or condition of selective awareness or perceptual receptivity, possibly involving the activation of certain brain regions. |
| What is polymodal? | Involving several sensory modalities. |
| What is epidermis? | The outermost layer of skin, over the dermis. |
| What is dermis? | The middle layer of skin, between the epidermis and the hypodermis. |
| What is the hypodermis? | The innermost layer of skin, under the dermis. |
| What is a tactile? | of or relating to touch. |
| What is Meissner's corpuscle? | A skin receptor cell type that detects light touch. |
| What is Merkel's disc? | A skin receptor cell type that detects light touch. |
| What is Ruffini's ending? | A skin receptor cell type that detects stretching of the skin. |
| What is dermatome? | A stripe of skin innervated by a particular spinal root. |
| What is pain? | The discomfort normally associated with tissue damage. |
| What is congenital insensitivity to pain? | The condition of being born without the ability to perceive pain. |
| What is nociceptor? | A receptor that responds to stimuli that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage. |
| What is a free nerve ending? | An axon that terminates in the skin without any specialized cell associated with it and that detects pain and/or changes in temperature. |
| What is capsaicin? | A compound synthesized by various plants to deter predators by mimicking the experience of burning. |
| What is transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1)? | A receptor that binds capsaicin to transmit the burning sensation from chili peppers and may detect sudden increases in temperature. |
| What is transient receptor protein 2 (TRP2)? | A receptor, found in some free nerve endings, that opens its channel in response to rising temperatures. |
| What is A Fiber? | A moderately large, myelinated, and therefore fast-conduction, axon, usually transmitting pain information. |
| What is C fiber? | A small, unmyelinated axon that conducts pain information slowly and adapts slowly. |
| What is cool-menthol receptor 1 (CMR1)? | Also called TRP8. A sensory receptor found in some free nerve endings, that opens an ion channel in response to a mild temperature drop or exposure to menthol. |
| What is anterolateral system or spinothalamic system? | A somatosensory system that carries most of the pain information from the body to the brain. |
| What is glutamate? | An amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter. |
| What is substance P? | A peptide transmitter implicated in pain transmission. |
| What is neuropathic pain? | Pain caused by damage to peripheral nerves; often difficult to treat. |
| What is cingulate cortex? | Also called cingulum. A region of medial cerebral cortex that lies dorsal to the corpus callosum. |
| What is analgesia? | Absence of or reduction in pain. |
| What is opiates? | A class of compounds that exert an effect like that of opium, including reduced pain sensitivity. |
| What are opioids? | A class of peptides produced in various regions of the brain that bind to opiate receptors and act like opiates. |
| What are endorphins? | One of three kind of endogenous opiates. |
| What are enkephalins? | One of three kinds of endogenous opiates. |
| What are dynorphins? | One of three kinds of endogenous opiates. |
| What is opioid receptor? | A receptor that responds to endogenous and/or exogenous opiates. |
| What is periaqueductal gray? | The neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct, involved in pain perception. |
| What is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)? | The delivery of electrical pulses through electrodes attached to the skin, which excite nerves that supply the region to which pain is referred. TENS can relieve the pain in some instances. |
| What is naloxone? | A potent antagonist of opiates that is often administered to people who have taken drug overdoses. It binds to receptors for endogenous opioids. |
| What is a placebo? | A substance, given to a patient, that is known to be ineffective or inert but that sometimes brings relief. |
| What is acupuncture? | The insertion of needles at designated points on the skin to alleviate pain or neurological malfunction. |
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slytherinangel
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