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Nervous Syst.
Nervouse system study aid
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The components of the nervous system | CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system) |
| Components of the CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| Components of PNS | nerves and receptors |
| Function of the CNS | integrative / analysis |
| Functions of PNS | sensory : receives info motor : response to info |
| Two branches of the motor function of PNS | somatic nervous system and autonomous nervous system |
| 3 descriptions of somatic nervous system | effectors, voluntary, skeletal muscles |
| Descriptions of autonomous nervous system | effectors, involuntary, smooth muscle, glands |
| 2 divisions of the autonomous nervous system | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Description of sympathetic nervous system | the fight or flight response to stimulus, stress response, energy consuming, affected by glands (hormones) |
| Description of parasympathetic | energy recovery and storage, relaxation, nervous and hormone control (heart, diaphram, smooth muscle) |
| 4 components of the brain | brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum |
| Description and function of brain stem | pathway into the brain, associated to sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch ... control of respiratory and cardiac muscles |
| Functions of cerebellum | motor control, balance and equilibrium, coordination, refined/complex movements |
| Functions of diencephalon | controls vital functions: thirst, hunger,temperature), associated to animal instincts (aka reptilian brain), nature, emotion, nostalgia, endocrine function (hormone production), neurotransmiters and hormones (chemical control) |
| Functions of cerebrum | aka "recent brain", responsible for final integration of sensory impulse and fine tune of motor response, codes of behaviour, organization, society, associated to behavioral, nurture, allows us to read, write,speak,plan, imagine |
| Description of neurons | functional units that generate action potentials (nerve impulses) in response to stimuli, vary in shape/size (1mm - 1m), present in a finite number (cannot multiply or divide) |
| Components of a neuron | cell body, dendrites, axon |
| Definition and function of an axon | nerve fiber (stem) of neuron, propagates nerve impulse to effector cell (muscle cell, gland cell, adipose cell or another neuron cell) |
| Two types of nervous tissue | Neurons and Glial cells |
| Description of glial cells | one of the 2 types of cells that make up nervous tissue, can divide and multiply, constitute 1/2 the volume of the CNS, build myeling sheaths around axons --cannot generate or propagate nerve impulses-- |
| Main function of glial cells | main function is to support, protect, and nourish nerve cells |
| Description of schwann cells | type of glial cell found in the PNS, forms myelin - a protective sheath around axons (electrical insulation) |
| Name for the gaps on an axon found between schwann cells | nodes of ranvier |
| Definition of a nerve | groups of sensory and motor nerve fibres (axons) wrapped in connective tissue and organized into fascicles -- found in PNS |
| Definition of nerve tract | bundle of nerve fibres (axons) with a common origin or destination, and carrying similar information (no wrapping) -- found in CNS |
| Definition of ganglion | a cluster of nerve cell bodies -- found in PNS |
| Definition of nucleus | a cluster of nerve cell bodies -- found in CNS |
| What is white matter | myelinated axons organized in nerve tracts (myelin is of a whitish colour), located in CNS (brain or spinal cord) |
| What is grey matter | neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons - grey colour because of absence of myelin, located in CNS (brain or spinal cord) |
| In the spinal cord, where is white and grey matter found | white matter surrounds an inner core of grey matter shaped like a butterfly |
| In the brain, where is white and grey matter found | Grey matter makes up the deeper tissue in the brains, surrounded by white matter. Grey matter also forms a thin shell covering the cerebrum and cerebellum |
| Define a synapse | the functional junction between a neuron and an effector cell (be it another neuron cell, a muscle cell, a gland cell, or adipose cell) |
| Define neuromuscular junction | a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
| What is the function of a synapse | responsible for transmitting nerve impulses from a nerve cell to an effector cell, in order to initiate a response |
| What are neurotransmitters (Nt) | the chemical signal of an incoming electrical nerve impulse - are released into the synaptic cleft |
| Name some examples of neurotransmitters (Nt) | dopamine, seratonin, endorphins, histamine |
| Electrical potential | electrical charge associated to every cell in the body, resulting from a build up of negative (-) particles IN the cell, and positive (+) particles in interstitial fluid |
| Neuron activation | redistribution of positive (+) and negative (-) particles across a cell membrane (activated by a stimulus) |
| Depolarization | A build up of positive (+) particles inside a cell, resulting in neuron activation, to transmit a nerve impulse |
| Continuous conduction | depolarization occurring along unmyelinated axons, resulting in a nerve impulse when it reaches the end (axon terminal) |
| Saltatory conduction | depolarization occurring on the nodes of ranvier of an axon, jumping over myelinated sheaths ... occurs at a faster pace than continuous conduction |
| Nervous impulse threshold (excitability threshold) | minimal level of depolarization required in sensory receptor for an impulse to be generated and propagated |
| Resting potential | the negative (-) and positive (+) "value" a cell maintains in absence of stimuli |
| Importance of excitability threshold in massage therapy | In massage therapy we play with the excitability threshold and raise it's level (as doing the same manoeuvre repeatedly gets the cell accustomed to it = increase of stimuli w'out an increase in response) |
| What are 3 factors affecting the speed of a nerve impulse ? | myelination, axon diameter, temperature |
| What factors equal an increase in nerve impulse speed ? | myelinated sheaths (saltatory conduction), a large axon diameter, warmth/heat |
| What factors equal a decrease in nerve impulse speed? | unmyelinated sheaths (continuous conduction), a small axon diameter, cold |
| How many pairs of nerves are found in the PNS | 31 pairs |
| Definition of a spinal nerve | a mixed nerve (sensory and motor) made up from the union of a posterior root nerve (sensory impulse) and an anterior root nerve (motor impulse), named and numbered according to the vertebral column from which they emerge |
| Nervous plexus | fused together branches (rami) of spinal nerves innervating defined regions of the body |
| Name the 4 principal plexuses of the somatic nervous system (effecting skeletal muscles) | cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral |
| Origin of cervical plexus | C1 - C5 |
| Main function/regions effected by cervical plexus | skin, head, neck, upper shoulders, chest, diaphram |
| Main function/regions effected by brachial plexus | shoulders, upper limbs |
| Origin of brachial plexus | C5 - T1 (superior to 1st rib, posterior to clavicle) |
| Origin of lumbar plexus | L1 - L4 |
| Origin of sacral plexus | L4 - S4 |
| Main function/regions effected by lumbar plexus | anterior abdominal wall, external genitals, parts of lower limbs |
| Main function/regions effected by sacral plexus | buttocks, perineum, lower limbs |
| From where emerges the largest nerve of the body ( sciatic nerve ) | the sacral plexus |
| Why thoracic nerves do not form a plexus | thoracic nerves do not fuse or intermingle, they follow the ribs. |
| Where is the phrenic nerve located, and what is it responsible for | located in the cervical plexus (C3, C4, C5) and responsible for the diaphram (the reason for neck brace after a car accident) |
| Reflex | fast, predictable, automatic responses to changes in the environment (an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus) |
| Reflex arc | The most simple and basic pathway followed by a nerve impulse to produce a reflex, can be as little as 2 neurons |
| 5 functional components of a reflex arc (pathway) | sensory receptor (stimulus) - afferent neuron (incoming message)- integrating center (CNS) - efferent neuron (response message/motor) - effector (receipt and action of motor command) |
| How are sensory receptors classified | by receptor location (where they are found in the body), and by the type of info/stimulus they are activated by |
| Types of sensory receptors classified by location (3) | exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors |
| Types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus (5) | mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors |
| exteroceptors | type of sensory receptor located near surface of body, sensitive to stimulus from external environment (light, smell, taste, touch, vibration, pressure, temperature, pain) |
| interoceptors | type of sensory receptor located within the body (blood vessels, organs, nervous system) sensitive to stimulus from internal environment (oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels,blood pressure) |
| proprioceptors | type of sensory receptor located in muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear, sensitive to stimulus regarding body positioning, muscle length and tension, position and motion of joints (sense of balance) |
| mechanoreceptors | sensory receptor detecting mechanical pressure/stretching... responsible for perception of touch, vibration, hearing, equilibrium |
| thermoreceptors | sensory receptor detecting changes in temperature |
| nociceptors | sensory receptor detecting physical or chemical damage to tissues - responsible for sensation of pain |
| photoreceptors | sensory receptor detecting light |
| chemoreceptors | sensory receptor detecting chemical changes in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids (digestive) |
| Proprioreceptor sensations are also known as - | kinesthetic sensations |
| Proprioreceptive sensations (kinesthetic sensations) include : | muscle contraction, tension in tendons, joint position, orientation (of head relative to ground), movement of one body part in relation to another |
| Function of proprioreceptive sensations | allows us to determine the muscular effort necessary to perform a task, continually inform the brain about the position of different body parts |
| Two types of proprioreceptors | muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs (GTO) |
| Muscle spindles | type of proprioreceptor composed of specialized muscle fibres interspersed among and parallel to regular skeletal muscle fibres, responsible for initiating reflex muscle contraction |
| Golgi tendon organ (GTO) | type of proprioreceptor found at junction of a tendon and a muscle, initiates reflex muscle relaxation (protect muscle fibres against excessive contraction and tension) |
| Explain the process of sensory receptor adaptation | a neuron reduces the frequency of the relay of action potentials = a decrease in perception of a sensation over time = an increase in the excitability threshold = a stimulus unable to reach the threshold required to activate the receptor |
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