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Rem-Ex TT 2 Review
CanColl May 2012 Rem-Ex TT2 Review Nov 2011
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What can self massage be used for? | reduce anxiety, depression & panic attacks - also inc relaxation + inc perception of control |
| Why is it important to demonstrate when teaching a client self massage? | familiarize them with the sensation and correct structure |
| What triggers the stress response? | real or imagined threat |
| How is the stress response beneficial? | helps protect our health - prepares us for challenges - ready for action |
| What occurs during the relaxation response? | heart rate, breathing, BP, metabolism & MM tension - all decrease |
| What are the 2 types of reactors to stress? | Physical + Mental |
| Why is deep diaphragmatic breathing beneficial? | inc oxygen, dec tension & stress, inc relaxation - breaks pain cycle |
| What is the definition of flexibility? | ability to move Jt or Jts thru unrestricted, pain-free full ROM |
| Why is flexibility important? | Necessary to perform normal Fx of the body |
| What is selective stretching? | improving overall function by applying stretches to some movements of a Jt, while allowing limitations or restrictions to occur in other movements or Jts. |
| When stretching at what point should your client hold the stretch? | When they feel a slight pull - i.e. in the plastic range - no pain |
| What are the signs that a client is stretching too far? | pain, spasm, tearing |
| What is the definition of a stretch? | maneuver designed to lengthen a pathologically shortened soft tissue structure & inc ROM |
| What causes adaptive shortening of a muscle? | prolonged immobility, scars, chronic inflammation |
| What is the elastic limit of tissues | point beyond which tissue will not return to it's original size and shape |
| What is the plastic range of tissues? | range beyond elastic limit - extending to point of rupture |
| What is the elastic range of tissues? | early portion of strain - tissue will return to normal shape and size (there will be no change or improvement in ROM) |
| What is the ultimate strength of tissues? | greatest load that can be sustained without rupture |
| What is the definition of a ballistic stretch? | high intensity, short duration, bouncing stretch |
| How is a ballistic stretch different from an active stretch? | less control, the stretch is not held, generally unsafe for most people |
| When is stretching indicated? | when ROM is limited, when there are limitations that can lead to structural deformity (preventable), contractures, MM weakness with tightness in opposing MM's |
| What are the goals of stretching? | regain normal ROM, prevent irreversible contractures, inc general flexibility, prevent risk of MM/tendon injuries, reduce MM tension, inc relaxation, develop body awareness, inc coordination |
| Which PNF technique can be used in the chronic stage? | ALL |
| When are extra precautions necessary during stretching? | Osteoporosis (brittle bones) hypermobility of Jts, pregnancy |
| What are the CI's to stretching? | When bony block limits motion, after recent fracture, when evident acute pain in movement, evidence of tissue damage (hematoma or bleeding), when contracture are providing structural stability |
| What are the CI's to joint play? | hypermobility (capsule stretched), Jts with necrosis in Ligs, Jt effusion (swelling from trauma or disease), ligs are already stretched, inflammation, acute pain |
| What do we use the different grades of oscillation joint play for? | Grades 1 & 2 - treating Jts limited by pain Grades 3 & 4 - used as stretching maneuvres to improve ROM |
| What do we use the different grades of sustained translatory joint mobilization for? | 1 - loosen, 2 - tighten, 3 - stretch |
| When should we use joint play? | when there is resistance in a Jt, tightness in Jt, regain mobility, ease compensating structure |
| What is the definition of endurance? | Ability to perform work for long periods of time and be able to resist fatigue |
| Define adaptation. | with exercise - CV system and MM inc efficiency |
| What determines the success of an aerobic exercise program? | intensity, duration and frequency of exercise |
| What factors determine the amount of adaption occurs in a person doing aerobic conditioning? | ability of person to change, the training stimulus threshold, the higher the initial fitness level - the more intensity is required to elicit change |
| What are the results of cardiovascular adaptation? | resting HR dec, cholesterol dec, BP dec, CV efficiency inc, plasma inc, resp efficiency inc, body fat dec, |
| What is the purpose of the warm up period of an aerobic exercise program? | inc temp in MM's, inc need for O2 in MM's. dilates blood vessels and capillaries, inc flexibility, dec susceptibility to injury |
| How do you find your maximum heart rate? | 220 - age = target heart rate |
| How do you find your aerobic exercise zone? | 60% - 80% of THR |
| Why is it important for a client to cool down after an aerobic exercise program? | prevent pooling of blood - use MM's to inc venous return |
| What is deconditioning? | dec mm mass, dec strength, dec CV Fx, dec blood volume, dec heart volume |
| Why do we recommend breathing exercises? | improve ventilation, improve gas exchange. correct abnormal breathing patterns. |
| What are the goals of breathing exercises? | Improve ventilation and gas-exchange |
| What is hook-lying position? | knees bent, upper body elevated at 45 degrees - (like laying in a LZ Boy chair) |
| What precautions must be taken when doing breathing exercises? | Never force the exhale, avoid prolonged expiration, continue for only about 2 or 3 mins at a time, avoid prolonged kidney disease or diabetes patients |
| Why is pursed lip breathing beneficial? | exerts resistance, helps deal with shortness of breath, slows and controls the rate of breathing |
| How do you mobilize the lateral rib cage? | Sitting - lean away on inspiration, press your fist into your side and straighten during the expiration. |
| Describe an exercise you might give your client to expand their chest capacity, | hands behind head - horizontally abduct elbows during inspiration - bring head and and shoulders forward during expiration (stretches pecs) - or similar |
| What precautions must be taken when doing breathing exercises? | Sorry - this is a duplicate of an earlier question. |
| What is necessary to avoid when doing lymphatic drainage exercises? | Do not exercise to the point where the edematous limb aches. |
| How do we perform exercises to decrease edema? | elevate distal limb above head (heart), go slow and use compression bandages |
| When is a client ready to progress from active free to resisted exercise? | when the client can do a full, pain-free, ROM or when pain and inflammation is gone. |
| What are the goals of resistance exercise? | improve function, increase strength, increase power. |
| Which is the primary goal of resistance exercise? | improve function |
| Define strength | ability of mm or mm group to produce tension and a resulting force. |
| Define power | measure of mm performance which is related to force, distance and time. |
| What is the formula for power? | This is not on the exam P=FxD / T |
| What is the overload principle? | working mm's in sets and reps to repeatedly and consistently - bring them to the point of fatigue. |
| Why is the overload principle important? | to gain strength, power and endurance, there must be overload and fatigue i.e. a progressive increase of load or # of reps. |
| What are the 2 basic muscle fibre arrangements? | longitudinal & pennifold |
| What are some examples of muscles with longitudinal fibre arrangements? | sartorius, gracilis, rhomboids |
| What are some examples of muscles with penniform fibre arrangements? | flexor digitorum longus (single), rectus femoris (double), deltoid (multiple) |
| What are the different muscle fibre arrangements used for? | longitudinal - speed + ROM Penniform - strength + stability Note = PENNIFORM IS STRONGER |
| What is a muscle's excursion ratio? | same as ROM |
| What are the two types of muscle fibres that mostly make up muscles? | Type 1 - slow twitch - red Type 2 - fast twitch - white |
| What are the differences between the two muscle fibre types? | Type 2 - fast twitch - white -fatigues more quickly |
| What kinds of activities are the two types of muscle fibres ideal for? | White - explosive, fast action Red - endurance and stabilization |
| When is it indicated to use manual resistance exercises? | in the early stages of healing (subacute), when mm's are still very weak |
| How much resistance should be used during a manual resistance exercise? | 10 - 25% - enough to do the work, but not enough to overpower or risk reinjury |
| How do you know that the amount of resistance in an exercise is too much? | the client can only complete limited ROM, there is MM shaking and substitute movements |
| What are the CI's for manual resistance exercise? | active inflammation, pain, evidence of tissue damage |
| When is it time to progress from manual resistance to mechanical resistance exercise? | when the client is strong enough to resist the therapist |
| How do you ensure you get the greatest results from a resistance exercise program? | apply specificity of training principle - in other words, train specifically for the activity that you intend to pursue |
| What is the difference between specific training and cross training? | Specific training targets specific mm's while cross training utilizes alternate activities for improvement |
| What is the difference between open-chain exercises and closed-chain exercises? | open chain - distal seg is free in space closed chain - the body moves over a fixed or planted distal segment |
| What are the strengths of open-chain exercises? | targets specific mm, can be used even if weight bearing is CI'd, can be used as early as the acute stage of healing |
| What are the limitations of open-chain exercises? | does not inc coordination and balance, does not prepare the Ct for weight bearing activity |
| What are the strengths of closed-chain exercises? | usually a compound exercise (multiple mm's), puts a load on tendons, Jts, bones, & ligaments. |
| What are the limitations of closed-chain exercises? | cannot be used until weight bearing is allowed |
| When is it recommended to do quad setting isometric exercises? | acute & subacute stage of healing |
| Why don't muscle setting type isometric exercises increase strength? | No resistance = no overload |
| How do resisted isometric exercises increase strength? | by applying a load and fatiguing the mm's |
| What is the difference between manual and mechanical resistance exercises? | mechanical involves a machine or equipment |
| What are the ways you can increase the intensity of a mechanical resistance program? | inc reps, sets, resistance (load), duration or frequency of exercise |
| How often should a client perform mechanical resistance exercises? | every other day |
| How long does it take to achieve the results of a mechanical resistance program? | 6 weeks in general |
| How do you increase muscular endurance? | less weight - more reps |
| What is the key to preventing injury during a mechanical resistance exercise program? | good posture, avoid substitue movements, stop if pain, don't hold breath during exercise. |
| What types of exercises can be done with theraband resistance bands? | any type of resisted exercise |
| What precaution must be taken with mechanical resistance exercise? | same as earlier question - posture, substitute motions, stop if pain, don't hold your breath |
| What is important to remember to watch for as a client's muscle fatigues? | substitute motions, shaking, pain |
| What are DOMS? | Delayed Onset MM Soreness - 24 - 48 hours after exercise - lasts 5 -7 days. MM tenderness and stiffness. |
| What is overtraining? | temporary or permanent loss of strength due to excessive exercise |
| What are the CI's to mechanical resistance exercise? | any CI to passive movement, acute inflammation, acute pain |
| What factors influence the strength of a muscle?(from the handout) | cross sectional size, fibre makeup of MM, location, fibre recruitment, speed of contraction |
| What is hypertrophy? | inc in size of mm fibres |
| What are the variables that can change the intensity of a strengthening exercise program? | Reps, sets, resistance (load), duration, frequency |
| When is it necessary to reduce the amount of resistance in an exercise? | when the Ct can't perform full ROM, substitute motions are apparent, acute immediate pain or DOMs is experienced |
| When is it necessary to increase the amount of resistance in an exercise? | too easy - the exercise routine does not fatigue the MM's |
| Which muscle would you stretch to increase your clients ability to extend their shoulder? | Anterior Deltoids & Biceps |
| Which muscle would you stretch to increase your clients ability to flex their shoulder? | Posterior Deltoids, Triceps and Lats |
| Which muscle would you stretch to increase your clients ability to flex their elbow? | Triceps and Anconeus |
| Which muscle would you stretch to increase your clients ability to supinate their forearm? | pronator teres |
| Which muscle would you stretch to increase your clients ability to externally rotate their hip? | TFL, glute med and glute min |
| Which muscle would you stretch to increase your clients ability to internally rotate their hip? | pirformis, glute max |
| Which muscle would you stretch to increase your clients ability to perform hip hyperextension? | iliopsoas, rectus femoris |
| Which muscle would you stretch to increase your clients ability to perform hip abduction | adductors - (3 ducks pecking grass) |
| What ability would improve by doing resisted eccentric contractions of pec major? | lowering yourself with you arms towards to floor to look under a bed - or something similar (eccentric contraction) |
| What ability would improve by doing resisted eccentric contractions of anterior delts? | lowering a heavy box from overhead - or something similar |
| Which muscles would you strengthen to help a client improve their ability to stand from a seated position? | glute max, hamstrings, gastrocs, soleus, quads |
| Which muscles would you strengthen to help a client improve their ability to sit from a standing position? | glute max, hamstrings, gastrocs, soleus, quads |
| What motions would be increased by stretching subscapularis and teres major? | external rotation |
| What motions would be increased by stretching infraspinatus and teres major? | nothing - these cancel each other out |
| What motions would be increased by stretching subscapularis and teres minor? | nothing - these cancel each other out |
| What motions would be increased by stretching infraspinatus and teres minor? | internal rotation |
| Contracture of which shoulder muscles could result in restriction of passive internal rotation? | infraspinatus & teres minor |
| Contracture of which shoulder muscles could result in restriction of passive adduction? | middle deltoid & supraspinatus |
| Contracture of which shoulder muscles could result in restriction of passive abduction? | lats & pec major |
| Contracture of which shoulder muscles could result in restriction of passive external rotation? | subscapularis & teres major |
| Contracture of which shoulder muscles could result in restriction of passive horizontal abduction? | pec major & anterior deltoid |
| What action would be increased by stretching iliopsoas? | hip extension / hyperextension |
| What action would be increased by stretching rectus femoris? | knee flexion / hip extension |
| What action would be increased by stretching biceps brachii? | shoulder and arm extension |
| What action would be increased by stretching glute max? | hip flexion |
| What action would be increased by stretching tibialis anterior? | eversion & planterflexion |
| What action would be increased by stretching gastrocs? | dorsiflexion |
| What action would be increased by stretching soleus? | dorsiflexion |
| What action would be increased by stretching tibialis posterior? | eversion & dorsiflexion |
| What action would be increased by stretching fibularis (peroneus) longus? | inversion & dorsiflexion |
| What exercises would you recommend to help improve a client's hyperkyphosis? | NOT ON THE EXAM - you would lengthen any MM's on the front of the body and strengthen those on or supporting the back i.e. rhomboids, lev scap, traps, erector spinae group |
| What actions improve when you strengthen your client's bicps brachii? | elbow & shoulder flexion + supination (ie it's action) |
| What actions improve when you strengthen your client’s supinator? | supination (it's action) |
| What actions improve when you strengthen your client’s pronator teres? | pronation (it's action) |
| What actions improve when you strengthen your client’s upper traps? | shrug or elevate shoulders |
| What actions improve when you strengthen your client’s tensor fascia latae? | abduction - internal hip rotation |
| What actions improve when you strengthen your client’s iliopsoas? | hip flexion |
| What actions improve when you strengthen your client’s rectus femoris? | flex hip & extend knee |
Created by:
Hanz Onn
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