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PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 9 - Thought and Language
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| critical period | a period in childhood when experience with language produces optimal language acquistion |
| cognitive psychology | the field of psychology that studies cognitive processes such as thought and language |
| cognitive neuroscience | the study of the neurological bases of cognitive processes |
| thought | the mental manipulation of words and manipulation of words and images, as in concept formation, problem solving, and decision making |
| concept | a category of objects, events, qualities, or relations that share certain features |
| logical concept | a concept formed by identifying the specific features possessed by all things that the concept applies to |
| natural concept | a concept, typically formed through everyday experience, whose members possess some, but not all, of a common set of features |
| prototype | the best representative of a concept |
| problem solving | the thought process by which an individual overcomes obstacles to reach a goal |
| trial and error | an approach to problem solving in which the individual tries one possible solution after another until one works |
| insight | an approach to problem solving that depends on mental manipulation of information rather than overt trial and error and produces sudden solutions to problems |
| algorithm | a problem-solving rule or procedure that, when followed step by step, ensures that a correct solution will be found |
| heuristic | a general principle that guides problem solving, though it does not guarentee a correct solution |
| mental set | a tendency to use a particular problem-solving strategy that has succeeded in the past but that may interfere with solving a problem requiring a new strategy |
| functional fixedness | the inability to realize that a problem can be solved by using a familiar object in an unusual way |
| creativity | a form of problem solving that generates novel, socially valued solutions to problems |
| convergent thinking | the cognitive process that focuses on finding conventional solutions to problems |
| divergent thinking | the cognitive process by which an individual freely considers a variety of potential solutions to artistic, literary, scientific, or practical problems |
| decision making | a form of problem solving in which one tries to make the best choice from among alternative judgments or courses of action |
| representativeness heuristic | in decision making, the assumption that a small sample is representative of its population |
| availability heuristic | in decision making, the tendency to estimate the probability of an event by how easily relevant instances of it come to mind |
| framing effects | biases introduced into the decision-making process by presenting an issue or situation in a certain manner |
| artificial intelligence (AI) | the field that integrates computer science and cognitive psychology in studying information processing through the design of computer programs that appear to exhibit intelligence |
| expert systems | computer programs that display expertise in specific domains of knowledge |
| language | a formal system of communication involving symbols - whether spoken, written, or gestured - and rules for combining them |
| semanticity | the characteristic of language marked by the use of symbols to convey thoughts in a meaningful way |
| generativity | the characteristic of language marked by the ability to combine words in novel, meaningful ways |
| displacement | the characteristic of language marked by the ability to refer to objects and events that are not present |
| grammer | the set of rules that governs the proper use and combination of language symbols |
| phoneme | the smallest unit of sound in a language |
| phonology | the study of the sounds that compose languages |
| morpheme | the smallest meaningful units of language |
| syntax | the rules that govern the acceptable arrangement of words in phrases and sentences |
| semantics | the study of how language conveys meaning |
| deep structure | the underlying meaning of a statement |
| surface structure | the word arrangements used to express meaning |
| transformational grammar | the rules by which languages generate surface structures out of deep structures and deep structures out of surface structures |
| pragmatics | the relationship between language and its social context |
| overextension | the tendency to apply a word to more objects or actions than it actually represents |
| underextension | the tendency to apply a word to fewer objects or actions than it actually represents |
| holophrastic speech | the use of single words to represent whole phrases or sentences |
| telegraphic speech | speech marked by reliance on nouns and verbs while other parts of speech, including articles and prepositions, are omitted |
| mean length of utterance (MLU) | a unit of measurement that assesses children's level of language maturation |
| overregularization | the application of a grammatical rule without making necessary exceptions to it |
| linguistic relativity hypothesis | benjamin whorf's hypothesis that one's perception of the world is molded by one's language |
Created by:
Jessica C
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