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Chp 2 Psych
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Naturalistic Observation | Observation of the behavior of people or other animals in their natural element. |
Clinical Observation | Observation of people or animals while they are undergoing diagnosis or treatment. |
Correlational Studies | The examination between 2 or more measurements of behavior or other characteristics of people or other animals. |
Hypothesis | A statement designed to be tested by an experiment, tentatively expresses a cause-and-effect relationship between 2 or more events. |
Theory | A set of statements designed to explain a set of phenomena, more encompassing than a hypothesis. |
Case Studies | A detailed description of an individuals behavior during the course of clinical treatment or diagnosis. |
Survey | A study of people's responses to standardized questions. |
Variable | Anything capable of assuming any of several values. |
Manipulation | Setting the values of an independent variable in an experiment to see whether the value of another variable is affected. |
Independent Variable | The variable that is manipulated in an experiment as a means of determining cause-and-effect relations. (cause) |
Dependent Variable | The variable measured in an experiment and hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable. (effect) |
Experimental Group | The group of participants in an experiment that is exposed to a particular value of the independent variable which has been manipulated by the experimenter. |
Control Group | A comparison group used in an experiment, the members of which are exposed to the naturally occurring or zero value of the independent zero. |
Operational Definition | Definition of a variable in terms of the operations the researcher performs to measure or manipulate it. |
Validity | The degree to which the operational definition of a variable accurately reflects the variable if it is designed to measure or manipulate. |
Confounding Variables | Inadvertent simultaneous manipulation of more than variable. The results of an experiment in which variables are confounded permit no valid conclusions about cause and effect. |
Response Bias | Responding to a questionnaire in a way that is not genuine or honest but in some other irrelevant way. |
Reliability | The repeatibility of a measurement; the likelihood that if measured again it would yield the same value. |
Placebo | An ineffectual treatment used as the control substance in a single-blind or double-blind experiment. |
Single Blind Study | Experiment in which the researcher knows the value of the independent variable but participants do not. |
Double Blind Study | An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows the value of the independent variable. |
Replication | Repetition of an experiment or observational study in an effort to see whether previous results will be obtained, ensures that incorrect conclusions are weeded out. |
Sample | A selection of elements representative of a larger population. |
Larger Population | The broad spectrum of various people. |
Generalize | To extend the results obtained from a sample to the population from which the sample was taken. |
Descriptive Statistics | Mathematical procedures for organizing collections of data. |
Measure of Central Tendency | Astatical measure used to characterize the value of items in a sample of numbers. (mean, median) |
Mean | A measure of central tendency the sum of a group of values divided by their #s. |
Median | The mid pt. of a group of values arranged numerically. |
Measures of Variability | A statistic that expresses the degree to which scores in a set of numbers differ from one another. (Range, standard deviation) |
Range | The difference between the highest score and the lowest score of sample. |
Standard Deviation | A statistic that expresses the variability of a measurement; square root of avg. of squared deviations from the mean. |
Inferential Statistics | Mathematical and logical procedures for determining whether relations or differences between samples are statistically significant. |
Statistical Significance | The likelihood that an observed relation or difference between two variables really exists rather than being due to chance factors. |