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A & P Part 1
The Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dermatology | Deals with diagnosis and treatment of Integumentary system disorders |
| The Integumentary System | Skin & associated structures (hair, nails, glands) |
| Structures of the skin | 1) Epidermis 2) Dermis 3) Hypodermis (subcutaneous) |
| Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) | - areolar & adipose connective tissue (NOT part of skin) |
| Epidermis | keratinized stratified Squamous epithelium |
| Epidermal cells | 1) melanocytes 2) keratinocytes 3) Langerhans cells 4) Merkel cells |
| Layers (Strata) of Epidermis | 1) S. Basale, 2) S. Spinosum, 3) S. Granulosum, 4) S. Lucidum, 5) S. Corneum |
| Keritinization | Keratinocytes multiply in S. Basale (maturation) |
| Growth of Epidermis (Maturation) | 1) Production of Keratin (protein) 2) Apoptosis 3) Dead cells of S. Corneum 4) Sloughing off |
| Maturation length | Four weeks (3-5) |
| Regulation of growth | Not well understood (Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)) |
| Dermis | Connective tissue & blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles |
| Regions of Dermis | 1) Papillary 2) Reticular |
| Papillary Region | 1/5; areolar CT & elastic filaments |
| Reticular Region | 4/5; dense irregular CT |
| Epidermal Ridges | Projections (of epidermis) into dermis between dermal papillae with openings of sweat glands on top of ridges (i.e. fingerprints, footprints) - unique, genetically determined |
| Skin Color Pigments | 1) Melanin 2) Carotene 3) Hemoglobin |
| Psoriasis | Keratinocytes divide & move more quickly than normal from S. Basale to S. Corneum (shed prematurely) |
| Cyanosis | Bluish skin, blood is not getting adequate amount of oxygen from the lungs |
| Jaundice | Buildup of bilirubin in the skin, indicates liver disease |
| Erythema | Redness of skin, engorgement of capillaries |
| Pallor | Paleness of skin, shock or anemia |
| Albinism | Inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin |
| Vitiligo | Partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin, irregular white spots |
| Melanin | Pale yellow-red-tan-black, # of melanocytes is identical in all people |
| Skin Color | Type and amount of produced MELANIN determines skin color |
| Function of melanin | protects DNA of keratinocytes from UV radiation, (absorbs UV rays; neutralizes free radicals) |
| Carotene | yellow-orange; in S. Corneum and fatty areas of dermis & hypodermis |
| Hemoglobin | Blushing, gives skin red pigment, blood rushes to capillaries |
| Stratum Basale | Deepest layer, single row of cuboidal or columnar; stem cell division; produces epidermal cells (4) |
| Stratum Spinosum | 8-10 rows |
| Stratum Granulosum | 3-5 rows; flattened keratinocytes; release lipid-rich, water-repellent secretion |
| Stratum Lucidum | Only in fingertips, soles & palms; 3-5 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes; large amounts of keratin |
| Stratum Corneum | 25-30 rows of dead, flat keratinocytes, contain keratin |
| Dandruff | Excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from scalp |
| Skin Graft | Covering a wound with a patch of healthy skin taken from a donor site |
| Callus | abnormal thickening of the S. Corneum |
| Accessory structures of skin | Hair, nails & glands |
| Types of glands | 1) sudoriferous 2) sebaceous 3) ceruminous |
| Hair | Not on palms & soles, thickness, quality, distribution depends on genetics, hormones, health, and nutrition |
| Function of Hair | Protection, sensory (hair root plexuses) |
| Anatomy of hair | shaft, root, follicle, bulb, arrector pili |
| Hair root | medulla (inner), cortex (middle), cuticle, (outer) |
| Hair follicle | Epithelial root sheath (internal & external), Dermal root sheath |
| Hair bulb | papilla (areolar CT & BVs; nourishment); matrix (cell divisions/growth) |
| Arrector pili | smooth muscle attaching dermis to follicle |
| Hair growth stages | 1) Growth stage 2) Resting stage |
| Normal hair loss | 70-100 hairs per day |
| Causes of increased hair loss | illness, radiation & chemotherapy, age, gender, genetics, stress, pregnancy |
| Alopecia | partial or complete lack of hair |
| Growth stage | (2-6 yrs) – 85% of scalp hair |
| Resting Stage | (3 mos.) – 15% of scalp hair |
| Types of hair | 1) Lanugo 2) Vellus 3) Terminal |
| Lanugo hairs | fetal hair |
| Vellus hairs | peach fuzz (children, infants) |
| Terminal hairs | course, pigmented, curly, (after puberty) Found in head, axillae & pubic regions (face & other parts in males) |
| Hair color | Determined by amount & type of melanin in keratinized cells |
| Melanocytes | Scattered in hair matrix |
| Gray hair | Lack of melanin |
| White hair | Lack of melanin and accumulation of air bubbles in shaft |
| Skin cancer | Excessive exposure to the sun |
| Forms of skin cancer | 1) Basal cell carcinomas 2) Squamous cell carcinomas 3) Malignant melanomas |
| Basal cell carcinomas | Rarely metastasize |
| Squamous cell carcinomas | variable tendancy to metastasize |
| Malignant melanomas | Melanocytes; metastasize rapidly and can kill a person within months of diagnosis |
| Early warning signs of Malignant melanomas (ABCD) | Asymmetry (lack symmetry), Border (irregular), Color (uneven, several colors), Diameter (large), unusual sensations, bleeding, scabbing |
| Risks for skin cancer | Skin types (light-colored skin, always burn); Sun exposure (Many days of sunlight, high altitudes) |
| Sebaceous glands | Oil; not in palms or soles, in hair follicles, secrete sebum |
| Sebum | mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, inorganic salts |
| Function of sebaceous glands | protection (prevents drying of hair & skin), antebacterial |
| Sudoriferous glands | Sweat; 1) eccrine 2) apocrine |
| Eccrine sweat glands | (most common); excretory ducts open on surface of epidermis (Pores); insensible & sensible perspiration (600ml per day) |
| Eccrine sweat | water, ions (Na, Cl), urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, Lactic acid |
| Functions of eccrine glands | thermoregulation, excretion of wastes |
| Apocrine sweat glands | Excretory ducts open into hair follicles; product is same as eccrine |
| Functions of apocrine glands | characteristic body odor; starts in puberty; stimulated during sexual excitement and emotional stress (“cold sweat”) |
| Ceruminous Glands | Modified sweat glands in external ear; Ducts open onto surface of ear canal or sebaceous glands; secretes earwax/cerumen |
| Functions of Ceruminous glands | Protection (with hairs in ear canal) |
| Anatomy of Nails | nail body, free edge, nail root, lunula, hyponychium, eponychium & nail matrix |
| Functions of skin | 1) thermoregulation 2) blood reservoir 3) protection 4) cutaneous sensations 5) excretion & absorption 6) synthesis of Vitamin D |
| Thermoregulation | 1) liberates sweat 2) adjusts blood flow in dermis |
| High environmental temperature | increased sweat production, evaporation of sweat, dilated blood vessels |
| Low environmental temperature | sweat production decreases, blood vessels constrict |
| Cutaneous sensations | tactile sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, tickling) & thermal sensations (warmth & coolness) & pain |
| Protection of skin | keratin, retard water evaporation and entry across skin, sebum, antibacterial, acidic pH, immunological cells |
| Excretion | small amounts of salts, carbon dioxide, ammonia and urea; 400mL water evaporates daily |
| Absorption | water-soluble substances through the skin is negligible; lipid-soluble materials penetrate (including fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K certain drugs, oxygen and carbon dioxide & organic solvents) |
| Synthesis of Vitamin D | 1) activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by UV rays in sunlight 2) - Enzymes modify activated molecules & produce calcitrol |
| Burns | tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature the proteins in the skin cells |
| Types of burns | 1) First & second degree (partial-thickness) 2) third-degree (full-thickness) |
| First-degree burn | only in epidermis, characterized by mild pain and erythema (redness) but no blisters |
| Second-degree burn | epidermis and half of dermis, redness, blister formation, edema, and pain; if there is no infection, heal without skin grafting in3-4 weeks |
| Third-degree burn | destroys epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer, most skin functions are lost, marble-white to mahogany colored to charred, dry wounds, edema, numbness, sensory nerve endings have been destroyed |
| Systemic effects of major burn | 1. large loss of water, plasma, and plasma proteins (causes shock) 2. bacterial infection |
| Rule of nines | Rules for estimating the surface area affected by a burn |
| Pressure ulcers | - caused by deficiency of blood flow to tissues, prolonged pressure against an object, blistering = superficial damage, reddish-blue discoloration = deep tissue damage |
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