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AP US HISTORY CH 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| America at the start of the revolution | colonists were unprepared both economic and military for independence, colonists=1/3 patriots, 1/3 loyalists, 1/3 on fence |
| Publication of thomas paines common sense | january 1776, greatly increased support for independence, successful b/c it pointed out how unfair king george III was, stated that only solution was to break away from england |
| Articles of Confederation | followed dec of ind, first constitution drafted in 1777, created decentralized gov't, ineffective and needed revision, 12 or 13 states (except Rhode Island) sent delegates to philly to fix issues, RI didnt want strong central gov't |
| inability of nat gov't to raise money | complicated war aims and forced to borrow from foreign nations |
| George washington and army issues | george washington was leader and dealt with many problems w/organizing army, food supply, and low pay |
| George washingtons army help | , washing enlisted 2 foreign military men for help, 1)marqi de lafeatte-from france and washingtons key mili advisor, 2)Barron Steuben- from Prussia, brought better organization and improved military training, vital in colonies success |
| American Advantages | fighting on home soil, fighting for independence, eventually have global support against british,french would join us against british, spain opened their own military against British |
| British Military | top military in the world, faced issues in revolutionary war: 1)fighting along way from home, struggles to supply troops 2)soldiers had no personal stake in fighting, began to question why figthing |
| Battle of Saratoga | October 1777, over 5,000 british troops surrendered, turning point of revolutionary war b/c french beleive america had a chance to win and 4 months later joined america |
| Battle of York Town | British commander Cornwallis and men were put under siege by continental army and french troops, October 1781-surrender, Treat of paris |
| Treat of Paris | 1783-Great Britain recognizes America as a independent nation and american receives territory from canada to florida, and atlantic to mississippi river |
| Artilces of Confederation | Americans needed to be under central gov't when built their own identity, under articles central gov't was weak and unable to impose taxes, enforcing laws was left to states |
| revolutionary motherhood | during and after revolutionary war, emphasized importance of women reinforcing democracy by raising children in moral, christian name, women convinced to pursue education but were not seen as equal as men in public |
| following war | states increased tax to pay off war debt,farmers who were not able to pa for taxes=confiscation of property |
| Daniel Shays (veteren of continental army) | led rebellion of poor farmers who demand debt releif, lower taxes, and protection of farmers against property seizures, convinced peopple that the federal gov't needed stronger powers to protect economic rights of individuals agaisnt local policies |
| Constitutional convention- May 25,1787 | 55 white males who would shape US gov't future and history, george washington presided over convention, new constituion |
| Constitutional convention procedures | procedures: 1)minimum of 7 states had to be present to make decisions 2)each state=1 vote,majority of states needed (delegates had to agree on vote for each state) 3)all discussions private |
| Virginia Plan | 3 branches of gov't, legislative branch=2 houses w/representation in both based on states population |
| New Jersey Plan | 3 branches of gov't, 1 house in legislative, and each state only had one vote |
| Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) | proposed by Roger Sherman, 3 branches, 2 legislative houses, and senate=all states had equal representation, house of reps=representatives based on state population |
| three-fifths compromise | southern states wanted to count slaves toward population for representative purposes, for every 5 slaves=3 free (real people), every 5 slaves=3 votes |
| Constituion radification- september 17, 1787 | needed to be radified by at leaset 9 out of 13 states, New hamp was the 9 state to radify it after the promise of adding bill of rights in 1788 |
| brit has trouble for support (revolution) | doubled national debt, added to burdens of people already paying record taxes, weren't emotionally connected |
| wartime problems for u.s. | many colonists/n.a. still favored britain, military lacked training, accustomed to working alongside neighbors and returning after a few weeks |
| to succeed in rev war | continental army would need to supercede state militias and fight like europeans, give up guerilla warfare for mass formationn, rapid maneuvers and close order drills,discipline, training, and nerve |
| continental army | lacked heritage and experienced officers, difficulty attracting long term soldiers (promised bounties, land, and other incentives) most recruits were black/white poor landless ( had nothing to lose) |
| Trenton and Princeton | New York- William how adn richard lord howe for britain attacked americas second largest city and george wash/soldiers retreat to PA. washington struck back germans/britain in NJ and boosted civilian and military morale. drove wedge between NJloyals&brit |
| Louis XVI French King | needed proof American could win before joining forces. Sent Marquis de Lafeyette. Brit retreated when they met cont. army in NY. (Battle of Saratoga= war turning point) convinced french they could win. Feb 1778, france recognized u.s. and joined war |
| Spain in revolutino | allied with french but not u.s. dutch also helped later. coalition of enemies v.s. brit with no allies |
| America had shortage of provisions | undermined discipline, lacked training, had harsh winter, lost many, brit wintered well |
| Americans had no skill | overwhelming numbers won the battle of saratoga, not because of skill. friedrich ron steuben trained them well |
| Battle of Monmount ct | ended contest for north |
| Battle in west | cherokee began attacking nc. nc struck back. ohio indians resisted americans. |
| joseph bryant attacks pa/ny | mohawk leader, john sullivan struck back, burning indian fields, starving many |
| Battle of Yorktown | brit surrounded by colonists and french. they surrendered. (english drained by will of being overtaxed) forced brit to negotiate.. treaty of paris 1783 recognized am. independence. withdraw all troops from am. gave all lands east of misss. |
| Principles of Dec. of ind. and dislocations caused by war | forced questions of class, gender, and race in public discussion.. though step back for natives who werent discussed in treaty |
| 18th century life | relations between whites and elites was distant and restrained. brit movement pursuaded elits equal to poor. started to realize wealthy familys wasnt only way to rule |
| white women in wartime | "camp followers" (laundered, cooked, nursed soldiers) some disguised as men to fight. most remained home to watch family. |
| Abigail Adams | wartime challenge to gender relations. recognized colonists articles against britain applied to women too |
| black americans in wartime | some enslaved posed as free in war, ban on blacks enlisting fell in 1777, slavery opposition swelled when they noticed it was just like britain was to english. |
| quakers on slavery | violated views on human equality. earliest initatives began in quaker religion, new england quaker meeting abolished slavery. Ver, Pa, Mass, RI, conn phased out slavery.. eventually NY&NJ too. all children born to slave women now free. GA&SC kept importin |
| prince hall | born slave, set free, leading role in boston protesting slavery |
| phillis wheatley | revolutionary ideas in considering status for liberty |
| Natives in war | regardless of what side they fought on, suffered worse than anyone in war. many were uprooted and many died. mixed culture with colonists and some even worked for wages |
| new govt | state const. favored wealthy. laid foundation for republic. 11/13 states had bicameral. (elected house, appointed house) house of commons, house of lords. |
| factions | selfish groups advanced good at expense of liberty. |
| const changes | turned gov to figure head. leg had all power. weakened ex. branch. |
| democracy | "mob rule" power held by uneducated and lower class |
| republic | leaders elected for talents and commitment to good. many states raised property requeirements. ended most established churches. |
| Robert Morris | superintendant of finance to help get rid of war debt |
| newburgh conspiracy | threatened to get treasury, george wash stopped |
| eco depression | short growing season in new england |
| ordinance of 1785 | procedures for surveying land, township six mi square. divided b 36 to give 640 acres.. one reserved for school income |
| northwest ordinance of 1787 | defined steps for creation and admission of new states. congress could appt territorial gov/judge. 5,000 males in territory then voters approve temp. constituion adn elect leg. for laws. 60,000 total pop, voters ratify state const& congress approves state |
| NW ordinance and 1785 ordinance lasting effect | layout procedures and establishing govt in NW. models for organizing western territories later |
| Alexander Mcgillvary-Spanish allyy | expelled white occupying disputed lands. spanish closed export down miss river. |
| Constitution included | seperation of powers(ex, leg, jud) chescks and balances(one power doesnt dominate others) |
| Federalism | limit central authority, state leg electing pres&senator. const. amended by 3/4 states. Nat govt limited to foreign affairs, nat def. relating int. commerce. coining money |
| Federalists | const balance of power between nat & state gov. |
| anti fed | against cons. (thought it would doom states) |
| fed papers | defend rights of minorites against tyranny, rprevent stubborn minority from blocking measures. majority found necessary in national interests. |
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