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Kinesiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Kinesiology. | The study of movement. |
| Define Biomechanics | The application of mechanical principles to the human and animal bodies in movement and at rest. |
| Define Kinematics. | Description of bodies in motion, includes direction, magnitude and type. |
| Define Osteokinematics. | Description of the motion of bones, relative to the three cardinal planes. |
| Define Arthrokinematics. | Description of motion between articular joint surfaces. |
| Describe Concave on convex movement | Rolling and gliding in the same direction. |
| Describe Convex on Concave movement | Rolling up, while sliding down. |
| Define Goniometry. | Measurement of joint motion in the appropriate plane about a joint’s axis using a protractor-like device. |
| Describe an Open Chain. | Distal segment is free, and moves in space. eg. lower leg flexing and extending while sitting. |
| Describe a Closed Chain. | Distal segment is fixed. Eg. legs during a squat. or hands during push-ups. |
| What is a first class lever? | See-Saw,” i.e., fulcrum is in the center, effort and resistance are applied at some distance from, and on opposite sides of the fulcrum. eg.head. Very few in the human body. |
| What is a second class lever? | Resistance force is between the muscle force and the fulcrum or axis. As such, the EA is always longer than the RA. eg. calf during calf raises. |
| what is a Third class lever? | Effort force is between the fulcrum or axis and the resistance force. As such, the IM will always be shorter than the EM. eg. bicep curls. Gives speed over power. |
| What is a Moment Arm? | The Moment Arm (MA) is always the shortest distance between the action line of a force and the joint axis. |
| What is an Internal Moment Arm? | Perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the Internal force (ie. location where muscle connects to bone. |
| What is an External Moment Arm? | Perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the external force. |
| Define Force. | Push or pull that can produce, arrest or modify movement. |
| Define Work. | Product of the force times the distance through which it is applied. |
| Define Torque. | The ability of a force to cause a rotation of the lever. It is the rotary equivalent of a force. It has a magnitude and direction. |
| Describe a Closed Packed Joint Position. | When the joint is closely positioned (tight), therefore not allowing accessory movement. |
| Describe an Open Packed Joint Position. | When the joint is loosely positioned, therefore allowing some accessory movement. (loose ligaments). |
| Define Volitional Motion. | It is the response of the nervous system that slowly fire and recruit an increasing amount of motor units in order to produce a higher force to pick up an anticipated heavy load. |
| Define Reflex Motion. | The rapid response given as soon as a stretch is detected. Goes directly to the Spinal Cord and back to the effector. Therefore the response received is much quicker. |
| What is Newton's First Law of Motion? | Objects in motion stay in motion, until a force acts upon it. |
| What is Newton's Second Law of Motion? | Force equals Mass times Acceleration. |
| What is Newton's Third Law of Motion? | For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. |
| What is a Synarthrosis Joint? | Joint connected by dense irregular CT. Almost no motion allowed. Transmits forces. Eg. Sutures of the Skull |
| What is an Ampiarthrosis Joint? | Joint connected by fibrocartilage and/or hyaline cartilage. Allows very little motion. Transmits forces/shock absorption. Eg. Symphosis Pubis |
| What is a Diarthrosis Joint? | Joint connected by synovial membrane with fluid filled joint cavity. Allows extensive motion. Provides axis of rotation for movement. Eg. Shoulder, elbow, fingers, knee, etc. |
| Define Type 1 Collagen. | consists of thick fibers that elongate little under tension. Primary found in ligaments and joint capsules. |
| Define Type 2 Collagen. | Thinner than type one, provides framework to maintain the shape and consistency of structures. |
| What is Dense Connective Tissue? | It is a soft tissues surrounding a joint. Mostly tightly packed Type I collagen. Irregular dense connective tissue make up joint capsules. Regular dense connective tissue make up ligaments and tendons. Primary function is to resist tension. |
| What is Articular Cartilage? | Specialized type of hyaline cartilage. Avascular and aneural. Nourished by milking action during intermittent joint loading. Coefficient of friction with synovial fluid is 5-20 times lower than wet ice sliding on wet ice. |
| What is Fibrocartilage? | Mixture of dense connective tissue and articular cartilage. Makes up menisci, symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs. |
| What is Wolfe's Law? | States that bone models and remodels in response to the mechanical stresses it experiences so as to produce a minimal weight structure that is "adapted" to its applied stress. can be applied to muscle or bone. |
| What are the two types of bone? | 1) Cortical= very dense, forms outer shell 2) Trabecular= "spongy" inner layer of the bone. Arranged as a loose mesh with filling of red marrow. |
| What type of forces can affect bone? | 1) Compression-affecting mainly the trabecular part. eg.vertabrae 2)Tension-Injury to Cortical bone. Eg. long bones. 3)Shear- two forces externally applied,parallel and opposite direction. eg. long bones. 4)Bending-combo of compression & tension. |
| What is typeI muscle? | Slow Oxidative. Motor units with small cell bodies and smaller diameter axons. Usually recruited first due to decreased for production & fatigue=less energy expenditure. |
| What is TypeIIa muscle? | Fast glycolytic. Motor units with large cell bodies and axonal diameter. Involved in mobility and non-postural functions. Capable of increased resistance to fatigue with training. |
| What is TypeIIx muscle? | Fastes glycolytic. Fastest twitch, easily fatigable. Used during explosive exercise. |
| What is Active Tension? | it is developed by the contractile elements of the muscle. Initiated by crossbridge formation and movement of actin and myosin. |
| What is Passive Tension? | Developed in non-contractile structures. Can be created by active or passive tension of a muscle. |
| What is the length/tension relationship? | There is a direct relationship between tension development in a muscle and the length of a muscle. |
| What is Active Insufficiency? | It is the muscles diminished ability to produce or maintain tension actively, due to loss of length tension relationship. Primarily affects two joint muscles when ROM on both joints are attempted simultaneously. |
| What is Passive Insufficiency? | It is the muscles diminished ability to lengthen sufficiently to allow full ROM of one joint secondary to being simultaneously stretched at another. |
| What is a normal force? | It is a force applied perpendicular to the axis of rotation. It produces a torque and motion. |
| What is a tangential force? | It is a force applied parallel to the joint axis. No torque or motion is produced, however, produces a joint distraction or compression. |
| What is an Isometric Contraction? | Produces force while maintaining a constant length. |
| What is a Concentric COntraction? | Produces force while shortening the muscle. |
| What is an Eccentric Contraction? | Produces force while lengthening the muscle. Uses less energy than concentric and the work produced is negative. |
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vnatividad
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