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Intro Psych TCN

Intro to Psych - College Network - CLEP

Question	Answer
Social Psychologist	Interactions between people & their perceptions of these processes
Developmental Psychologist	Development of human cognitive & social processes throughout their life-span eg(observe children to investigate when first begin to play with others)
Experimental Psychologist	Physiological/Biological research to understand interaction between behavior & brain processes eg(rats in maze to test hypothesis on how learning occurs)
Clinical Psychologist	Study “abnormal” human processes & their alleviation thru treatment eg(determine ability person understand court proceedings or determine mental state at time of offense)
Counseling Psychologist	Study “normal” human interactions & processes to help individuals “grow” eg(work through chronic illness or help shape laws & procedures)
Industrial/Organizational Psychologist	Study how organizations influence/influenced by social, cognitive & behavioral capabilities & patterns of the people who function as part of the work environment eg(work w/ management & workers to improve efficiency or reduce conflict)
Educational Psychologist	Improving education/training thru learning & memory applied to daily situations
Gestalt Movement	Effects of beliefs & ideas on perception
Behaviorist Movement	Focus on aspects of human functioning directly observable, measurable & publicly verifiable
Humanist Movement	Focus on individual self & must include personal growth, identity & intention
Cognitive Movement	Returned to study mental process although more scientifically rigid fashion now
Psychology	Scientific study of human behavior & mental processes usually through Psychologist (MS or Ph.D)
Psychiatry	Medical study of mental disorders brought on by Freud now viewed as biological & medically treatable
Naturalistic Observations	Methods used to unobtrusively study behaviors in natural environment by control/manipulation to determine what actually influences behavior
False Statement	In order to be classified as a psychologist, an individual must have obtained at least a PhD in psychology
False Statement	All psychologists are trained in the treatment of psychological disorders.
False Statement	Psychological studies rarely involve the application of scientific processes
True Statement	Psychologists rely on systematic observation and/or control of events to discover recurrent patterns of behavior or mental activity
Responsibility of a psychologist	Observing & describing how infant's behavior changes when mothers leave room
Responsibility of a psychologist	Seeking to determine emotions kindergartners experience as they begin school for first time
Responsibility of a psychologist	Seeking to explain cognitive processes people employ when presented with certain logic problems
Research focuses on way environmental conditions affect people's perception of certain events	Gestalt Movement
Study seeking to determine whether people experience stagnation in personal growth after age 80	Humanist Movement
Aspects of human functioning that are directly observable, measurable and publicly verifiable	Behavioral Movement
Unobtrusive observation of people in social settings	Naturalistic Observation
Clinical psychologists study "abnormal" human processes & their alleviation	Counseling psychologists study "normal" human interactions & processes
Examining interrelationship between childhood sexual abuse, different cognitive interpretations of this abuse and development of hisrionic personality disorder later in life	Personality Psychology
Cognitive Psychologist	Focus on learning & thinking processes
Personality Psychologist	Study interrelations of life events, cognitive interpretations, emotions and behavior
Sigmund Freud	Psychoanalytic theory Neurology
Descartes	Philospher Bodily functions & mental functions separate but interacting
Locke	Empiricist
Mill	Associationism
Fechner	Mathematical equations
Helmholtz	Perception of color Role of nervous system in relfex behaviors
Wundt	"Father of Psychology" Structuralism
James	Philosopher Functionalist
Watson	Behaviorism
Binet	Behaviorism Mental Measurement
Wertheimer	Gestalt
Perls	Gestalt to USA
Empiricism	Locke All knowledge stems from our senses Relationship between events & mental representations
Associationism	Mill Ideas organized in mind based on initial association through experience of the stimulus
Structuralism	Wundt Scientific methods study structure of mind Most basic elements of ideas & how combine to form complex notions
Functionalism	James Processes help man adapt to environment, survive & prosper Consciousness dynamic & flowing ("stream of consciousness") Mental processes could not be broken into separate elements
Behaviorism	Watson & Binet Human function observable, measureable & publicly verifiable Identify ways people learn thru interactions with environment
Gestalt	Wertheimer Function of patterns of whole being rather than sum of parts Interactions with environment create structure to encompass experiences
Psychoanalysis	Freud Unconscious conflicts & their resolutions to explain human behavior Person't "psychic energy" = id, ego, super-ego
Biopsychosocial Orientation	People & their behavior must be considered in context of biological systems, psychological processes and social influences
Mental Measurement	Binet Analyzes various aspects of human functioning & measures differences in functioning between individuals
Basic Research	Geared to gaining knowledge & clarifying concepts with limited emphasis toward applicability
Applied Research	Involves active study and/or resolution of existing problems
Case Study	Detailed investigation of single subject/topic from which findings are generalized Often conducted by clinicians
Useful in gathering information especially where unique/unusual opportunities for research arise by clinicians	Case studies
Survey	Research where questionnaires are completed by large group of peoples.
Misinterpretions of questions or intentional responses in cautious/dishonest manner	Problems w/ surveys
Worthwhile research when subjects representative of population findings will be generalized for	Surveys
Experiment	Research method where causal relationship is established
Manipulation of independent variable to see or get response of dependent variable	Experiment
Descriptive Studies	Simple description of phenomenon/situation
Documentation on how people are generally	Descriptive study
Correlation Studies	Show how 2 phenomena/situations correspond to one another but NOT causal
Study showing how much money people have and how happy they are	Correlation study
Study where money is given to people or taken away to determine their happiness	Experiment
Laboratories & Psychology	Used to help control situation so outside influences do not intrude on study
Controlling situation so extraneous variables do not intrude/influence study	Laboratory
All knowledge stems from our senses	Empiricism
Ideas organized in mind based on initial association through experience	Associationism
Study of the structure of the mind	Structuralism
Building blocks of ideas and ways ideas combine to form complex notions	Structuralism
Processes help adaptation to environment, survival and prosperity	Functionalism
Experience is function of patterns of the whole rather than sum of parts	Gestalt
Reintegration of three different systems within individual	Gestalt
Structure created to encompass various experiences	Gestalt
Unconscious conflicts & their resolutions	Psychoanalysis
Person's energy derives from instinctive drives	Psychoanalysis
Considering biological, psychological and social functions	Biopsychocosocial
Epidemiological Research	Often uses surveys
Studing various psychological problems humans experience in area of abnormal psychology	Epidemiological research
Help to identify geographic, social and economic factors associated with particular problems	Epidemiological research
Prevalence	Percentage of individuals who have certain disorder during certain period of time
Incidence	Number of new cases in given period
Changes in numbers of people with a disorder	Incidence
Percentage of population who will have specific disorder at some time during life	Prevalence
Inferential Studies	Use statistical techniques: Correlation/Experiment
Correlation is an	Inferential Study
Experiments are	Inferential Studies
Covariation	Which variables appear to go together in Correlational Studies
Hindsight Bias	Explanation for findings after study has occurred
a priori	Before event so hypothesis tested by the study
Experimental Bias	Biased in interpretation of results by personal beliefs, drive to succeed, pressure to publish research and reluctance to reveal negative/inconclusive findings
Cross-validation	Mulitple research findings compiled by repeating initial method
Studies critically reviewed by other reasearchers & must meet approval by peers	Cross-validation
Meta-Analysis	Compiling results of numerous studies on particualr phenomenon & analyzing compiled data
Potential unknown/unmeasurable influenes on particular study minimized	Meta-Analysis
Generating explanation of situation/event after it has already occurred	Hindsight Bias
Empirical Research	Serves to legitimize work in the field
Study revealing depression associated with lack of assertiveness	Correlation Study
Study on violent TV shows leading to more aggression: 1 group does not see any violent TV shows and the other only sees violent TV shows and displays more aggression	Experimental Study
Sample	Subjects chosen from overall population to be used for the research
Population	Large group from which sample pulled and results of research will be applied
Representative Sample	Sample whose traits reflect those of the population as a whole on some basis
Reliability	Consisency with which something is measured
Validity	Ability to accuratley measure/predict logical correctness of proposition/conclusion
Frequency Distribution	Table showing number of subjects falling into subdivisions based on a variable of interest
Histogram	Graph of the Frequency Distribution Table
Range	Entire set of data from lowest number to highest number
Outliers	Data results existing far removed from main "cluster" of data observed/recorded that affect the range of data
Central Tendency	Mean, median, mode
Mean	Arithmetic average of scores: Add all the values in the data set and divide by the total number of values
Mode	Most common occurring value throughout data set
Median	Middle of the data set: Findings from smallest to largest and middle point so 1/2 below that number and 1/2 above that number EG: 1,2,3,4,5,6 (3.5 is the median) 1,2,3,4,5 (3 is the median)
Correlation Coefficient	Correspondence between scores/ratings of 2 different variables ranging from -1 to +1
Correlation Coefficient +1	Both variables correspond perfectly to each other Eg(1 set measured in inches and the other in centimeters, but 1" = 2.5cm)
Correlation Coefficient -1	Ratings between both variables are perfect opposites Eg(lines drawn across a piece of paper of different lengths)
Correlation Coefficient 0	No relationship or corresondence found Eg(intelligence and number of pickles eaten)
Statistical Significance	Degree to which research results have NOT occurred by chance typically at 0.05 (stating 99.5 accuracy).
Descriptive Statistics	Summarize data by describing general trends/characteristics
Inferential Statistics	Allow researches to determine how likely results found reflect real-world findings
T-Test	Inferential Statistics analyzing differences between 2 groups
ANOVA	Inferential Statistics analyzing differences between multiple groups
Glial Cells	Special cells that are part of the complex network on the nervous system
Nervous System	Responsible for internal bodily functions and response to external stimuli
Central Nervous System	Nerves in brain & spinal cord - Autonomic system
Peripheral Nervous System	Nerves throughout remainder of body
Neurons	Basic building blocks - individual nerve cells
Sensory/Afferent Neurons	Carry information from various sense organs to brain
Interneurons	Carry information from neuron to neuron
Motor/Efferent Neurons	Carry information from brain to muscles
Dendrites	Network of filaments carrying information from other neurons to cell body
Cell Body	Part of the neuron containing nucleus where dendrites converge
Axon	Single fiber conduction action potential pathway from cell body
Neuron Anatomy	Stimulus received via dendrites into cell body out through axon
Nodes of Ranvier	"Gaps" within myelin sheath that covers the axon
Myelin	Fatty material sheath protecting axon which helps speed up conduction of action potentials
Resting Potential	electric charge at rest (-70mlv)
Refractory Period	Restoration of neuron to resting state
Synapse	Gap between nerve cells of synaptic vesicles
Synaptic Vesicles	Structures at nerve cell gap that transmit neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitter	Chemical released by neurons to deliver information to other neurons
Excitatory Neurotransmitters	Cause depolarization in recipient cell and increase likelihood of triggering action potential
Inhibatory Neurotransmitters	Cause hyperpolarization in proceeding cell and suppresses action potential
Neuron Action Potential	Stimulation exceeds threshold of neuron, Na+ and K+ rush into cell and change to +50mlv initiating response
Agonists	Drugs produce same effect as neurotransmitters
Antagonists	Drugs which inhibit effects of neurotransmitter
Supports ability of humans to think and act	Nervous System
Patrick's scale consistently yields 4oz error	Patrick's scale is reliable but not valid
Of the 750 people included in our study, 81% reported a decrease in symptoms following treatment	Descriptive Statistics
Center of all nervous system activity	Brain
3 main sections of brain	Brain Stem, Midbrain and Cerebral Cortex
Brain Stem	"oldest" part of brain first to develop in course of evolution 2 structures: pons/medulla
Medulla	Directly connected to spinal cord Monitors reflex functions & control involuntary reflexes Nerve cross over from right to left & vice-versa
Pons	Relay station Sorts out & redirects individual nerve impulses Influences sleep-wake cycle
Influences sleep-wake cycle	Pons
Nerves cross over from body to brain	Medulla
Contains Medulla & Pons	Brain Stem
"Oldest" part of brain	Brain Stem
First to develop in course of evolution	Brain Stem
Directly connected to spinal cord	Medulla
Monitors reflex functions	Medulla
Controls involuntary reflexes	Medulla
Relay Station of brain	Pons
Reticular Activating System (RAS)	Nerve fiber bundle reponsible for arousal from sleep Part of Pons
Bundle of nerve fibers responsible for arousal from sleep	Reticular Activating System
Filters sensory information in/out of consciousness	Reticular Activating System
Midbrain	Cerebellum & Limbic System
Cerebellum	Coordination of movement & muscle development
Coordination of movement & muscle development	Cerebellum
Cerebellum & Limbic System	Midbrain
Limbic System	Septum, Amygdala, Hippocampus Handles basic emotional functioning
Handles basic emotional functioning	Limbic System
Septum, Amygdala, Hippocampus	Limbic System
Septum	Regulates Amygdala
Amygdala	Produces rage when stimulated
Septal Rage	When septum damaged - anger, aggression, violence
Hippocampus	Processes new information into long-term memory
Processes new memories	Hippocampus
Amnesia patients	Trauma to Hippocampus
Thalamus	Integrates & organizes nerve impulses passing between parts of cerebral cortex Focuses especially on impulses from sensory experiences except smell to appropriate region of cortex
Organizes nerve impulses passing between parts of cerebral cortex	Thalamus
Directs impulses resulting from sensory experiences except smell to appropriate regions in cortex	Thalamus
Hypothalamus	Important for primary critical body functions
Thirst, temperature, hunger	Hypothalamus
Respiration & heart rate	Medulla
Eye blinks, breathing, involuntary swallowing	Medulla
Hormonal regulator	Hypothalamus
Motivation & influences aggressive and sexual impulses	Hypothalamus
Medial Forebrain Bundle	Major pleasure center
Major pleasure center	Medial Forebrain Bundle
Reward Pathway	Stimulation of neurons perceived as pleasure
Cerebral Cortex	Center for higher brain function: language, perception, cognition, voluntary motor movements
Language, perception, cognition	Cerebral Cortex
Voluntary motor movements	Cerebral Cortex
Neocortex	Cerebral Cortex
80% of brain	Cerebral Cortex
Hemispheric specialization	Each hemisphere primarily controls different functions of brain
Left Hemisphere	Controls right side of body Responsible for cognitive functions (language, analytical abilities) and formal, sequential approaches to task
Language, analytical abilities	Left Hemisphere
Formal, sequential approaches to tasks	Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere	Controls left half of body Creative functions Visual & spatial orientation Perception of emotions
Creative functions	Right Hemisphere
Visual & spatial orientation	Right Hemisphere
More involved in perception of emotions	Right Hemisphere
Corpus Callosum	Bundle of nerves connecting both hemispheres
Stop frequency of epileptic seizures in severe cases	Severing Corpus Callosum
Frontal Lobes	Language, planning, conceptualization skills & motor functions
Language, planning, concepualization skills & motor functions	Frontal Lobes
Parietal Lobes	Sensation of touch
Occipital Lobes	Visual Information
Temporal Lobes	Auditory Information
Plasticity	Ability of brain to compensate for certain injuries/malformations
Brain most "plastic"	Up to age of 5
Peripheral Nervous System	Somatic & Autonomic
Somatic Nervous System	Connects central nervous system to voluntary muscles
Autonomic Nervous System	Connects central nervous system to involuntary organs/muscles
Sympathetic Nervous System	Autonomic - Prepares body for energy expenditure
Parasympathetic Nervous System	Autonomic - Prepares body for restoration of energy
Energy Expenditure	Sympathetic Nervous System
Restoration of energy	Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems	Autonomic Nervous System - involuntary
Involuntary Control	Autonomic Nervous System
Voluntary Control	Somatic Nervous System
Endocrine System	Glands that influence metabolism, emotional states, sexual development/reproduction, horomones
Hypothalamus	Command Center for endocrine system
Pituitary	Controls Hypothalamaus "Master Gland"
Thyroid/Parathyroid	Control metabolism rates
Adrenals	Release adrenaline - fight/flight
Pancreas	Produces insulin to control sugar metabolism
Testes/Ovaries	Physical development, sexual behavior & reproduction
Heart & Lungs	Controlled by Autonomic Nervous System
Sensation	Process of converting physical energy of environment into neural energy processed by nervous systems
Transduction	Process by which external energy becomes neural impulses
Information Processing Theory	Information enters body (sensation) and then we interpret this information (perception)
Perception	Organize/interpret sensory information to understand it cognitively
5 basic senses	Vision - most complex Audition Gustation - taste Olfactory Kinesthesia
Absolute threshold	Point one perceives external stimulus
Signal detection	No single absolute threshold - different for each person based on experience, expectation, motivation, fatigue level
Difference threshold	Minimal difference that must exist between 2 stimuli for one to distinguish difference AKA JND - Just Noticebale Difference Weber
JND - Just Noticeable Difference	Difference Threshold
Feature detectors	Nerve cells of brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus. Allow brain to assemble perceived image
Brain assembles perceived image	Feature detectors
Sensory adaptation	Diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stumulus as nerve cells begin to fire less frequently after constant exposure to the stimulus
Weber's Law	2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion/percentage for person to perceive difference
Absolute difference between 2 stimuli not as important as percentage of difference	Weber's Law
Synesthesia	Unusual sensory experience when one confuses senses - taste a sound/see a smell
Sensory receptors connected to "wrong" nerves	Synesthesia
Dominance of 1 sense over another to emotional association to particular stimuli	Synesthesia
Focusing on informative changes in environment without being distracted by uninformative/unchanging elements	Sensory adaptation
Cornea	Clear outer membrane covering eye Curved allowing light to bend and focus images
Iris	Ring-shaped muscle opens/closes pupil
Lens	Behind pupil Changes shapes depending on distance Becomes less malleable with age
Retina	Photoreceptors of eye where image finally focused
Fovea	Center point in retina where image focused
Rods	Slender, elongated, cylinder-shaped photoreceptors sensitive to change in light waves
Peripheral & night vision	Rods
Cones	Short fat photoreceptors taper to pointed tip located away from center of retina
Color perception	Cones
Young-Helmholtz theory	Retina has 3 types of color receptors: red, green blue
Hering's Opponent Process theory	2 additional color processes: red vs green and yellow vs blue
Negative Afterimage	Staring at color image, see same image in "opposite" colors after shifting eyes away
Cones function as predicted	Young-Helmholtz theory
Cells in thalamus seem to work as predicted	Hering's theory
Photoreceptors	Nerves for visual transferrence: Electrical impulses via optic nerve and thalaums to visual cortex of brain
Visual cortex	Feature receptors: nerves programmed only to perceive particular shapes, colors, movements, etc.
Perception of particular shapes, colors, movement, etc	Visual cortex via feature receptors
Properties of sound	Amplitude, frequency, pruity, timbre
Amplitude	Height of sound wave (loudness)
Frequency	Number of times sound wave repeats itself Humans detect range 20-20,000Hz
Pure Sound	Domination by single-frequency waves
Timbre	Sharpness of a sound
Place Theory	Hear different pitches because sound waves trigger different places along cochlear basilar membrane inside ear
Frequency Theory	Firing rate of nerve cells matches frequency of sound wave triggering impulses to brain at same frequencly as the sound wave
High pitches perceived	Place Theory
Low pitches perceived	Frequency Theory
Conduction Deafness	Problems with sound wave conduction to the cochlea
Nerve Deafness	Damage to cochlear hair cell receptors or associated nerves
Skin Sensations	Pressure, warmth, cold, pain
Pain	Early warning signal indicating something wrong
Gate Control Theory	Spinal cord contains neurological gate blocking/allowing pain signals to pass on to brain & be perceived
Kinesthesia	Sense of position & movement of body parts in relation to each other Allows us to perceive where body is positioned in space via receptors through CNS
Equilibratory sense	Responsible for sense of balance, acceleration, deceleration & direction of gravity
Dizziness - Motion Sickness	Fluid within 3 semicircular canals & 2 vestibular sacs shifts dramatically causing overstimulation
Olfactory Organs	Small mucous epithelium areas on nasal septum
Sense of Smell	Triggered in cerebral cortex & limbic systems via olfactory nerves connected to the olfactory bulb triggering memories of past events
Phermones	Chemicals produced as method of communication through odor to attract another - related to production of sex hormones
Gustatory System	Sense of taste through receptors located on surface of tongue, pharynx and larynx projected to thalamus then sensory cortex of brain where becomes correlated with information from olfactory organs
Taste buds	Contain many gustatory cells which extend hairlike microvilli into surrounding fluid Some can only detect 1 taste, others can detect all 4
Sense of Taste	Sweet, sour, salty, bitter
Sweet Taste	Tip of tongue
Salty Taste	Sides & tip of tongue
Sour Taste	Sides of tongue
Bitter Taste	Back of tongue
Sensory Interaction	Means by which 1 sense influences/interacts with another (smell and taste together)
Perception	Processing sensation so they can be understood cognitively
Attention	Selectivity used to process sensations
Orientation	Position sense organs to maximize ability to process stimuli
Cupping ear - squinting	Orientation
Selective Attention	Prioritizing some stimuli over other & ignoring low-priority stimuli
Watching TV over listening to parents	Selective Attention
Bottleneck Model	Biological limitations to amount of stimulation we can process
Capacity Model	Psychological limitations determine amount of stimulation we can process
Perception Research	Gestalt psychologists
Figure	Focal point discernible from surroundings
Ground	Surroundings or background of focal point
More than 1 perception can be triggered by same stimulus	True Statement
Visual Grouping	Proximity Similarity Continuity Closure Connectedness
Proximity	Visually grouping nearby figures together
Similarity	Visually grouping similar figures together
Continuity	Perceiving smooth continuous patterns of figures
Closure	Completing figures with gaps to create a whole object
Connectedness	Perceiving spots, lines, areas as single unit when figures uniform & linked
Depth Perception	Ability to see objects in 3-D to estimate distance
Binocular cues	Requires both eyes to process visual cues: Retinal disparity & Convergence
Retinal disparity	Binocular cue allowing us to determine distance of object by the differences in images produced by both eyes
Convergence	Binocular cue which is muscular movement determines extent to which eyes turn inward. Brain determines focal distance by angle of convergence
Monocular cues	Visual cues processed by each eye separately: Relative size Linear perspective Texture gradient Relative motion Overlap
Relative size	If 2 objects similar in size, perceive the 1 that casts the smaller image on the retina as farther away
Linear perspective	Parallel lines appear to converge in distance
Texture gradient	Closer objects appear to have greater detail
Perceptual constancy	Ability to see objects as unchanging even if illumination & retinal images change by size, shape & brightness
Identifying things regardless of distance, illumination or angle viewed	Perceptual constancy
Color constancy	If we are aware of object's color, we will continue to perceive the object as that color
Visual acuity	Ability to discriminate between images/objects
Perceptual set	Occurs when person's belief or expectation influences perception
Attending to certain elements of stimuli while ignoring others	Perceptual set
Contrast	Abiity to differentiat something from the other stimuli surrounding it
The more intense a stimulus	The greater the likelihood it will be selected for further perceptual processing: Motion Repitition
Illusions	Occur when one's perception of a stimulus differs significantly from actual properties.
Characteristics of stimulus often not as important as characteristics of receiver	Illusion
Motivation	Effects perception in that we notice or see what interests us
Mental set	Predisposed way we perceive somthing usually from past experiences
ExtraSensoryPerception	Claim one can perceive things imperceptible to others
Telephathy	ESP - mind-to-mind communication
Clairvoyance	ESP - perception of remove events in time/space
Precognition	ESP - perception of future events
Parapsychology	"Beside Psychology" Individuals who attempt to use scientific methods to study ESP
Consciousness	Awareness of external environment as well as internal events such as thoughts & feelings.
Conscious (Controlled) Processing	Process events one at a time giving each our undivided attention
Unconscious (Automatic) Processing	Process large amount of information simultaneously without awareness
Driving a car: monitoring speed, placement on road, pressure of foot on pedals, hands on steering wheel	Unconscious/Automatic Processing
Avoiding hitting cars	Conscious/Controlled Processing
Selective attention	Ability to focus on only limited aspect of all we are capable of experiencing
Focusing on one conversation that is no louder than other conversations going on in same area	Cocktail party effect
Sleep Stages	4 Stages Stages 2,3,4 repeat every 90 minutes with Stage 4 getting longer each cycle
Stage 1 Sleep	Appx 2 minutes Sensory images...hallucinations Falling/Floating sensation Jerking Thought processes become illogical
Stage 2 Sleep	Appx 20 min Relax more deeply EEG - bursts of brain wave activity Awakens easily
Stage 3 Sleep	Transitional few minuts EEG - beginnings of delta waves
Stage 4 Sleep	Appx 30 minutes initially Resistant to awakening Walk/Talk in sleep EEG - large slow delta waves
REM Sleep	After appx 1 hour, deep sleep for 10 min in Stage 4 Important role in learning Most dreams occur
Most dreaming	REM Cycle
Dreams	Daily life experiences Most common: falling, being chased/attacked and attempting but failing to do something
Information Processing Theory	Dreams helpful to process experiences for day & encode disturbing/anxiety-provoking events
Freud & dreams	Release of taboo feelings blocked by defense mechanisms when awake.
Activation-Synthesis Theory	Hobson & McArthy Random firing of nerves in brain stem activate parts of cerebral cortex which inteprets based on stored memories attempting to make sense or synthesize pattern of neuron firings
Hobson & McArthy	Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dysomnias	Problems related to amount, time, quality of sleep
Insomnia	Inability to fall asleep or remain asleep
Parasomnia	Abnormal events occur during sleep
Narcolepsy	Overwhelming sleepiness & falling into brief REM periods during waking hours
Sleep Apnea	Intermittent periods of arrested breathing during sleep
Dream Anxiety Disorder	Frequent & disruptive nightmares
Night Terrors	Screaming or talking incoherently during Stage 4 in first few hours of sleep. Rarely wakens fully and often does not remember anything upon waking
Sleep & Age	Sleep less & REM time decreases
Delirium	Impaired thinking whose source is biological Demonstrate profound difficulty paying attention & focusing
Profound difficulty paying attention & focusing	Delirium
Dementia	Pervasive cognitive impairment from compromised nervous system. Attend conversations & focus attention but have troubles with memory
Able to attend conversation & focus attention but trouble with memory	Dementia
Amnestic Syndrome	Impairment of memory caused by neurological problems interfering with self-identity
Hypnosis	Focused attention is relaxed/lessened Inhibition lowered Anxiety reduced Pain perception lowered
Highly hynotically susceptible people	Those easily engrossed in fantasy & imaginary activities
Induction	1st stage of Hynosis Focusing attention on constant or repetitive imagined stimulus becoming relaxed but alert & focused on this one thing
Suggestion	2nd stage of hypnosis Whatever is wished to be achieved thru session
Concerns with hypnosis	Planting false memories: refreshed memories may combine reality with falsehood leading to fabricated memories
Dissociation	2 parts of the brain are functioning concurrently but not communicating with each other
Meditation	Mental exercise to control one's consciousness by focusing on sounds/images and attaining state of relaxation
Stress Reduction	Responds well to meditation
Alpha Waves	Begin during the awakened but drowsy state
Delta Waves	Occur during sleep stages 3 and 4
Psychoactive Substances	Alter consciousness in some way Classified into 6 categories based on composition, physiological and psychological effects
CNS depressents	Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Stimulants	Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotines, caffeine
Opiates	Heroin, opium, morphine, methadone, codeine, demerol, darvon, percodan
Hallucinogens	LSD, mushrooms
Cannabinoids	Marijuana and hashish
Solvents	Glue and gasoline
Chemicals	Not part of Psychoactive categories
Energy, exhileration, talkativeness and mood elevation	Stimulants
Caffeine, nicotine	Common everyday stimulants
Mild overdose of stimulants	Perspiration, suspiciousness, insomnia
Severe overdose of stimulants	Heart attacks, seizures, death
Weight loss, lifestyle narrowing, depression	Long-term effects of stimulants
Tolerance	Develops fairly rapidly with stimulants, CNS depressants and cannabinoids
Anhedonia	Feeling like nothing is enjoyable
Withdrawl of psychoactive substances	Usually the reverse of their action
Slow heart rate, relax muscles and promote sleep	CNS depressants
CNS depressants first effects	Social disinhibition - allowing individuals to temporarily forget worries & enjoy the moment
Alcohol part of postwork routine around the world	True statement
Primary effect of CNS depressants	Depress CNS leading to relaxation, slurred speech, impaired motor coordination
Benzodiazepines	More specific than barbiturates thus safer
Mild overdose of CNS depressants	Sleepiness, emotional dysregulation, lack of coordination and decreased judgement
Severe overdose of CNS depressants	Blackouts, unconsciousness, coma leading to death
Combining barbiturates & alcohol	Very dangerous combination leading to death
Withdrawl from CNS depressants	Very dangerous - tremors, seizures, death
Across all substances, worst long-term effects to major organ systems	Alcohol
Korsokoff's syndrome	Similar to Alzheimer's caused by long-term heavy drinking
Opiates	Reduce pain & sense of urgency related to biological needs Referred to as narcotics
Narcotics	Opiates
Opioids	Synthetic drugs mimic effects of opiates
Methadone	Opioid
Overdose of opioids	Bradycardia, hypotension, decreased respirations, low body temperature, decreased relfexes and death
Endorphins	Body's naturally occuring opioid-like substances
Hallucinogens	De-automatization, sensory illusions occur and experience synesthesia
Depersonalization may occur	Hallucinogens
De-automatization	Increased awareness of cognitive processes
Overdose of hallucinogens	Unusual & frightening psychological experiences while intoxicated
Already-occuring psychotic processes accelerated	Hallucinogens
Cannabinoids	Marijuana & hashish
Mild euphoria, heightened receptive sense of humor, increased appetite, distorted sense of time, disruptions in logical thinking	Cannabinoids
Enhanced visual and auditory perception, decreased short-term memory functioning, decreased physical coordination, possible paranoia/panic	Cannabinoids
Cannabinoid withdrawl	Irritability, insomnia, restlessness, decreased appetite
Long-term effects marijuana use	Primarily related to practice of smoking
Solvents	Glue, amyl nitrate, kerosene, paint thinner
Inhaled and most often 1st used product by adolescents	Solvents
Damage to heart, kidney, liver, brain	Toxic solvents (poisons)
Solvent negative effects	Headaches, spasms, irregular heartbeat, occasional death
Effectiveness and potency of drug	Related to speed of route of ingestion
Quicker route of absorption	More addictive the drug
Shortened half-life	More addictive the substance
Requiring more substance to produce similar effect	Tolerance
Body rebounding in opposite direction when not taking substance	Withdrawl
Learning behavior	Essential to survival(innate sense)& adaptation to environment
Learning	Durable change in behavior resulting from association and encoding into memory relationships between experiences
Habituation	Simplest form of learning Repeated exposure, association or connection of sequential events
Maturation	Knowledge gained when biologically ready
Required state for learning to occur	Maturation
Ability to learn	Determined by age-related mental & physical skills (Maturation)
Classical Conditioning	Neutral stimulus paired with one that elicits automatic/unconditioned response - Pavlov's expereiment)
First discovered set of laws governing learning	Classic conditioning
Pavlov	Physiologist Conditioned response experiments - association
Unconditioned response	Unconditionally activated innate response to stimulus (US) (dog's saliva production to presence of food)
Unconditioned stimulus	Stimulus that always triggers natural biological process (UR) (food)
Conditioned response	Learned response exhibited in response to conditioned stimuls (CS)(dog's saliva procudtion in response to bell, tone, light, empty food bowl)
Conditioned stimulus	Neutral stimuls paired with unconditioned stimulus so will eventually com to produce the same response (bell, tone, light, empty foot bowl)
Skinner	Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning	Skinner Passive learning Associating behaviors with consquences either punishment or reward
Reinforcer	Change in environment following behavior & increased likelihood behavior will be repeated - good or bad
Primary reinforcer	Naturally enjoyable - food
Secondary reinforcer	Ojbect/event becomes associated with primary reinforcer - money to buy food
Positive reinforcement	Reward used to increase likelihood individual will repeat behavior
Negative reinforcement	Removal of adverse stimulus increases likelihood individual will repeat behavior
Punishment	Application of aversive stimulus decreased likelihood individual will repeat a behavior
Shaping	Process of gradually guiding natural behavior toward another behavior through reinforcement
Successive approximation	Process of reinforcement for engaging in behaviors increasingly similar to desired behavior
Acquisition	Initial learning in response to reinforcement through consistency, immediacy & repetition of the reinforcement
Chaining	Process which several related responses learned through operant conditiong
Learning everything one can about the ball, stance, bat, light, wind to become the best baseball batter	Chaining
Generalization	Expanding stiumuls-resonse pattern to include stimuli that are similar to initial stimulus
Being able to act in certain way with new situation because it resembles something else	Generalization
Discrimination	Process for distinguishing between slightly similar stimuli and responding to one but not another
Extinction	Gradual breaking of the stimulus-response pattern due to lack of reinforcement (ignoring behavior will lead person to stop)
Continuous reinforcement	Reinforcement every time desired behavior is performed
Intermittent reinforcement	Reinforcement not given every time desired behavior performed Longer to shape behavior but more resistant to extinction
To decrease/resist extinction	Intermittent reinforcement
Ratio schedules	Schedule of reinforcement based on number of times certain behavior performed
Fixed Ratio schedule	Reinforcement provided after specific number of responses Fastest initial response process
Fixed Interval schedule	Reinforcement provided after specific period of time
Fixed schedule	Reinforcement provided after particular set number of desired behavior or particular set amount of time performed
Interval schedule	Reinforcement applied after certain amount of time
Variable schedule	Reinforcement provided after differing amounts of time or numbers of behaviors
Constant & regular responses thru unpredictability	Variable schedule
Variable Interval schedule	Reinforcement provided after varying time periods
Variable Ratio schedule	Reinforcement provided after fluctuating number of responses
Instinct drift	Reversion to biologically predisposed patterns after learning patterns not naturally adopted
Natural instinct response limits capacity for operant conditioning	Instinct drift
Kohler	Psychologist studied insight
Insight	Gaining sudden understanding of relationship between various parts of a problem/situation
Recognition of relationship between various parts of a problem/situation to solve it	Insight
Kohler's Experiment	Monkey, banana, box, stick
Monkey moves box under banana, stands on box and swings with stick to knock banana down	Kohler's Insight
Bandura	Modeling Bobo Doll experiment
Modeling	Learning by observing & imitating another's behavior (reinforcement/punishment guide outcome)
Effective observation learning	Attention (noticing modeled behavior & resultant consequences) Retention (conscious reflection/rehearsal of modeled behavior) Reproduction (successful enactment) Motivation(expectation of positive consequences)
Bobo Doll Experiment	Bandura Video of adults hitting and kicking doll elicites same action by kids watching video
Reproduction	Requires behavior to be within skill/range of learner
Auditory memory	Sensory memory allowing "echoes" of sounds
Echoic memory	Auditory memory
Recalling question when not actually having paid attention to it	Auditory or Echoic memory
Automatic processing	Occurs with little or no effort - automatically without awareness or paying special attention
Ability to recreate day's events	Automatic processing
Context effect	Recalling information best in environment learned
Taking test is same classroom as studied	Context effect
Declarative memory	Allows us to remember facts or events Long-term Semantic & Episodic
Semantic memory	Declarative memory involving remembering bits of information
Knowing how many states in US	Semantic memory
Episodic memory	Declarative memory involving remembering personally experienced events
Effortful Processing	Rentention of information requiring effort & attention - Rehearsal
Rehearsal	Conscious repition of information in order to memorize it
Conscious repition of information	Rehearsal - Effortful processing
Encoding	Process of putting information into memory
Explicit memory	Conscious memory of facts & experiences
Flashbulb memory	Clear though not always accurate memory of significant event
Remembering details of Kennedy's assassination, but not the day before or after	Flashbulb memory
Iconic memory	Visual memory See traces of images
Visual memory	Sensory memory allowing us to see traces of images AKA Iconic memory
Remembering swinging light	Visual/Iconic memory
Imagery	Use of mental pictures for encoding & retrieval of memory Retrieval cue
Implicit memory	Retrieval of information without conscious awareness
Information Processing	Modern View of sensing, perceiving, learning, thinking & remembering Automatic & Efforfull
Long-Term memory	Limitless amount of information stored for life time if occured after certain level of maturation
Procedural memory	Remembering how to do something. Long-Term memory
Memory	Storage & access of mental representation of knowledge via hippocampus
Misinformation effect	Incorporation of inaccurate information regarding event from others into own recollection
Mnemonic devices	Aids/tricks to help remember more than would otherwise: Methods of loci (association w/ familiar locations) Acronyms (abbreviations - SOB, NKA, etc) Rhymes("Thirty days hath Sept...)
Priming	Type of implicit (w/o conscious awareness) memory activating related associations Retrieval cue
Proactive interference	Previously learned information interferes with recall of newly learned information
Recall	Retrieval of previously learned information not currently in conscious awareness
Recognition	Ability to identify/recognize previously learned information
Multiple choice tests	Recognition
Repression	Alteration or loss of painful/anxiety-provoking memories
Retrieval	Extracting iinformation from memory for use
Retrieval cues	Provide reminder for information not otherwise accessable from memory: Priming & Imagery
Retroactive interference	Newly learned information interferes with recall of old information
Sensory memory	Initial record lasting only very brief period of time - usually visual/auditory
Serial position effect	Ability to recall first or last piece of a group of information rather than the middle
Remembering "ABCD" and "WXYZ" only	Serial position effect
Short-term memory	Information activley attented to which lasts 15-30 seconds - Working memory - Intentional memory
Recalling a phone number just obtained	Short-term memory Working memory Intentional memory
Spacing effect	Learning over time enabling better long-term retention than cramming
Learning over time for better retention	Spacing effect
State dependence	Ability to recall information when in same internal state as learned it
Being in same internal state when recalling information as learned it	State dependence
Storage	Relatively passive process keeping information in memory for periods of time
Working memory	Another name for short-term memory 15-30 seconds Intentional memory
Reconstruction	Remember certain details then add further information based on what believed to have happened from subtle suggestions
Event remembered with confidence but incorrectly	Reconstruction
Accomodation	Process of expanding one's schemas to accomodate new information when no longer adequate to represent them
Assimilation	Process of taking new experience & incorporating it into existing category, concept idea
Cognition	Ways in which aquire, retain, interpret, use knowledge
Psychological processes & social/external influences on knowledge	Cognition
Concrete operations stage	7 - 11 y/o Begin to think logically about concrete evets, grasp concrete analogies and perform arithmetic operations
Stage child begins to understand conservation	Concrete operations stage
Conservation	Idea that given quantity remains same despite shape changes
Formal operations stage	12 - adulthood Characterized by ability to reason abstractly
Scientific reasoning & deducing consequences - Potential present for mature moral reasoning	Formal operations stage
Preoperational stage	2 - 6 y/o Words & images represent things Ability to pretend Egocentric
Stage lack logical reasoning but pretend & egocentric	Preoperational stage
Schemas	Concepts that consolidate past experiences & offer model for understanding future experiences
Allows children to adapt to environmental demands as new experiences are assimilated or accomodated	Schemas
Sensorimotor stage	1 - 2 y/o Undertand world through looking & touching
Object performance, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety	Sensorimotor stage
Egocentric	Cannot perceive things from another's viewpoint
The fewer instincts animal has, the more it relies on learning to survive	Connection between instinctual behavior & learning
Learning multiplaction tables by rehearsing them outloud	Effortful processing
Assimilation	Associating new concept with previous knowledge
Accomodation	Altering previous knowledge in light of new concepts
Perceptions of the world that develop out of and are organized around individual's experiences	Schemas
Intellectual development according to Piaget	Occurs because humans wish to make sense of the world around them
Achievement tests	Designed to determine what has already been learned
Aptitude tests	Predict ability to learn new skills
SAT	Best known aptitude test
Requirements of tests	Standardized Reliable Valid
Factor approach	Contends different cognitive abilities are distinct but correlated
"g" factor	General intelligence Underlying specific intelligences/abilities that may vary Basis of the idear of IQ
Infants level of response to stimuli	Indicator of "g" factor
Intelligence	Ability to learn information & solve problems
What affects intelligence	Nature, genetics (60%) and environment
IQ	Intelligence quotient - number to describe level
95% of population IQ levels	70 - 130
Mental retardation	Impaired intellectual functioning combined with impaired social functioning affecting about 3% of population
4 levels of mental retardation	Mild Moderate Severe Profound
Mild retardation	Can, with help, achieve up to about 6th grade level of functioning as well as vocational skills sufficient to work regularly
Moderate retardation	Can develop skills up to 2nd grade and may learn to perform unskilled labor with supervision
Severe retardation	May learn to talk, count, read few key words and develop basic hygiene/self-care skills
Profound retardation	Most devastating form Require close supervision and highly structured environments
Reification	Abstract concept is eventually viewed as reality itself
Spearman	"g" factor leading to IQ
Gardner	Frames of mind: Linguistics Logical - Math Spatial Musical Bodily kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal
Sternberg	Triarchic model: Analytic Creative Practical
Imagination	Ability to perceive things in new ways
Expertise	Well developed knowledge base
Intrinsic motivation	Ability to be motivated & satisfied by task itself rather than relying on external factors
Venturesome personality	Tolerance for ambiguous situations & ability to persevere in new experiences & overcome obstacles
"g" factor suggests	General intelligence provides base for different types of intelligence
IQ scores vary across racial groups due to	Cultural differences in way tasks are learned
Ginny excels at reading, writing, literacy Marie excels at math, statistics, numerical analysis Which has higher IQ	Impossible to determine as every person has strengths/weaknesses not reflective of overall IQ
Weschler Adult Intellegence Scale mostly used	Clinical settings
Babbling	Impromput vocalization of a variety of sounds about 4 months of age
Grammer	Set of rules that enable us to communicate thru language
Language	Primary vehicle thru which humans express thoughts
Linguistic relativity hypothesis	Whorf Language determines thought
If language has no words for something	Won't be considered per Whorf
If language has several distinct words for somthing	Small variation of thing most likely to be perceived/considered per Whorf
Morphemes	Smallest elements of language that have meaining
One-word stage	Starts around age 1 with child starting to use 1-syllable words that carry meaning
Phonemes	Group of elementary sounds
Two-word stage	Starts around age 2 with child using 2-word statements made up mostly of nouns & verbs
Parts of language	Phonemes Morphemes Grammer
Child's statements mostly made of nouns & verbs	Two-word stage
Child's use of one-syllable words that carry meaning	One-word stage
Basis for much of internal thought	Language
Skinner	Language learned thru association, imitation, reinforcement
Praising child for corretly idetifying object	Skinner
Chomsky	Language creative & conceptual - acquisition thru innate tendency
Surface structure (syntax/grammer and deep structure	Chomsky
Ability to understand phrases/sentences not previously learned	Chomsky
Eskimos have many words for snow (perceived subtle differences)	Whorf - Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Language determines	Thought
Algorithm	Methodical logical procedure for problem solving which is slower than heuristics but less prone to error
Slower problem solving technique which is less prone to error	Algorithm
Availability heuristic	Shortcut based upon most available memories
Choosing to drive rather than fly due to fear of dying in plane crash	Availability heuristic
Confirmation bias	Bias when searching for information to confirm or support preconceived ideas
Asking leading questions to solve/discover truth of situation	Confirmation bias
Fixation	Cannot think of situation in new way because cannot escape current conception of the sitution
Framing	Way topic presented which can affect judgement or decision-making process
Cell phone ad showing boss being able to be away from the office	Framing
Functional fixedness	Perception of the functions of an object are fixed and allow no other creative uses of the object
Heuristics	Shortcuts to problem solving - rules of thumb
Expression "i before e except after c"	Heuristic
Insight	Sudden development of solution though most likely worked through step-by-step or trial & error until reached and "noted"
Mental set	Solution worked in past is repeatedly attempted despite fact no longer works
Metacognition	Thinking about thinking in order to improve cognitive ability
Prototypes	Idealized versions of concepts
Bird may be "seen" as any flying bird as opposed to an Emu/Ostrich	Prototypes
Representativeness heuristic	Shortcut relied upon from impression of an ambiguous piece of information and how closely fits familiar defined structure
Trial and error learning	Trying out solutions that come to mind or suggested until find what works
Using a magnet to hold a note to metal filing cabinet	Example of functional fixedness
Achievement motivation	Drives person's intensity, persistence and effort to obtain goal
Anorexia nervosa	Strong illusory belief one is fat resulting in self-starvation
Arousal phase	2nd component sexual response cycle
Breathing, blood pressure, pulse rates increase along with genital engorgement	Arousal phase
Bulimia nervosa	Compulsive overeatiing followed by self-induced purging
Desire phase	1st component sexual response cycle
Increased blood flow & lubrication to genital area	Desire phase
Double-depletion hypothesis	Biological causes of thirst caused from combination of intracellular/extracullar processes/exchange
Drive	Energy/tension developing from specific need
Extrinsic motivation	Seeking achievement to receive reinforcement from others or to avoid punishment
Extrinsic or Intrinsic motivated people achieve less	Extrinsic
Homeostasis	Process of maintaining constant/balanced state despinte changes in environment
Hunger & thirst	Strong motivators of homeostasis
Intimacy	Close interpersonal relationship with open communication
Intrinsic motivation	Internal desire for achievement for own sake to personal goa.
Lazy, unreliable and motived by money/reward employees as seen by	X managers
Motivated workers for reasons other than reward/money as seen by	Y managers
Maslow's hierarchy	Pyramid theory prioritizing needs over behavior
Biological/Psychological Needs	Basic life needs in Maslow's theory
Safety	Security & stability in Maslow's theory
Belongingness	Fulfilling need for affiliate with others in Maslow's theory
Esteem	Competence, independence, success leading to respect from others in Maslow's theory
Self-actualization	Abstract & different needs to fulfil life goals & potential in Maslow's theory
Increase hunger	Lateral hypothalamus stimulation
Depress hunger	Ventromedial hypothalamus stimulation
Specific hunger	Biological need for component: low sodium, increased desire for salty foods
Motivation	Driving force influencing behavior & focusing it toward an end
Need	Lack of a biological necessity
Orgasm	3rd component of sexual response cycle
Muscle spasms with dominating sense of pleasure	Orgasm
Resolution	Final component of sexual response cycle
Body returns to normal	Resolution
Sensate focus	Technique to overcome sexual dysfunction based on performance/fear/pain related to sex
Set point	Fixed weight level due to competition of the lateral & ventromedial hypothalamus
Sexual dysfunction	Difficulty in one phase of sexual response cycle
Primary motives	Biological
Acquired motives	Learned thru experience
Melzack	Pain Gate Theory
Henry Murray	Human motivation in 3 criteria: Attention Consequences Dissatisfaction
Thermatic Apperception Test	Murray Responding to pictures w/o clear directions/significance (ink blots?)
Instinct	Innate fixed pattern of behavior
Newborn's rooting	Instinct
Cannon-Bard theory	Body's response begins as we experience emotion and one does not cause the other
Catharsis	Emotional release or venting of anger
James-Lange theory	Emotion felt after notice body's response
Feeling glad/happy after smiling and sad after frowning	James-Lange theory
Polygraph	Machine measuring respiration, pulse and breathing while being asked questions to determine honesty
Schachter's two-factor theory	Emotions composed of physical arousal and cognitive label
Components of emotions	Physiological arousal Behavior Conscious experience
Basic emotions	Fear, anger, sadness, joy
Complex emotions	Guilt, shame, love
Fear	Elicited by specific stimulus judged potentially harmful
Anxiety	Occurs dispite absense of any real danger
People experience physiological & emotional reactions to stimuli simultaneously	Cannon-Bard theory
Behavior genetics	Study of how behavioral differences between people relate to biological differences
Cognitive development	Changes in mental ability: learning, language, memory, thinking, reasoning
Relates to motor & emotional development	Cognitive development
Concordance	Similarity with regard to given trait
Twin Studies	To determine concordance between monozygotic and dizygotic twins raised apart from birth
Conventional level	Kohlberg: Rightness of behavior determined by reaction to approval/disapproval of others
Cross-sectional Studies	Measures difference in people at 1 age or at 1 point in time
Studying groups of 1st graders	Cross-sectional Studies
Developmental psychology	Focuses on both the common & unique ways people grow & develop during course of lifetime
Longitudinal Studies	Measures characterics of individuals over time to see how they grow/change
Physical development	Changes in body, motor abilities & sensory capacity over time
Major influence on developing personality & intelligence	Physical development
Postconventional level	Kohlberg: decisions justified by internalized standard & the common good
Preconventional level	Kohlberg: Rightness of behavior determined on its rewards/punishment by society
Psychosocial stages	Erickson: 8 stages of development progregessing through each crisis, resolution allowing one to move to next stage and develop new virtue
Social-emotional development	Changes in person's style of responding, feeling and relating to others
How one gets along with others and feels	Social-emotional development
Gender Studies	As people age, differences decrease and found to vary among different cultures
Erikson	8 stages of Virtue
Kohlberg	Moral Reasoning: Preconventional, Conventional & Postconventional
Gilligan	Morality of Caring: Men use reason, rules & obligations Women use preserving integrity of relationships (substandard)
Locke	Tablua rasa "blank slate" Strong belief in nurturing shaping development
Nature	Heredity
Nurture	Environment
Study focusing on changes across different dimensions	Development psychology
Studies used to compare development of an individual with peers	Longitudinal or Cross-sectional
Gender identity influenced by	Psychological and social characteristics
Eight stages of development proposed by Erik Erikson; each stage involves a specific crisis, and resolution of this crisis will allow an individual to successfully move on to the next stage and develop a new “virtue.”	Psychosocial Studies - Erickson
Trust vs mistrust	Resolution: sense of safety Lack of Resolution: insecurity, anxiety
Autonomy vs self-doubt	Resolution: Self-efficacy Lack of Resolution: sense of helplessness, lack of control
Intitiative vs guilt	Resolution: self-confidence Lack of Resolution: lack of self-confidence
Competency vs inferiority	Resolution: adequate social/intellectual skills Lack of Resolution: feelings of failure, inadequacy
Identity vs role confusion	Resolution: self-comfort Lack of Resolution: uncomfortable with self
Intimacy vs isolation	Resolution: closeness & committment to another Lack of Resolution: feeling of aloneness, separation
Generativity vs stagnation	Resolution: ability focus beyond self Lack of Resolution: self-indulgence, lack of foresight
Integrity vs despair	Resolution: satisfaction with life Lack of Resolution: futility, despair, disappointment
Infants	Trust vs mistrust Safety
Toddlers	Autonomy vs self-double Self-efficacy (capabilities)
Preschoolers	Initiative vs guilt Self-confidence
School-age	Competence vs inferiority Adequate social/intellectual skills
Adolescents	Identity vs role confusion Self-comfort
Early adult	Intimacy vs isolation Closeness & commitment to another
Middle adult	Generativity vs stagnation Ability to focus beyond self
Late adult	Integrity vs despair Satisfaction with life
Alleles	Pairs of genes inherited (1 ea) from parents
AFP test	Blood sample from mother during 16-17wk of pregnancy indicated possible birth defects
Alzheimer's	Progressive & irreversible brain disorder
Amniocentesis	Test done 16-18wk of pregnancy to determine presence certain birth defects
Recommended testing mothers over 35	Amniocentesis
Attachment	Special bond between infant and caretakers thru body contact, familiarity, temperment & parenting
Imprinting	Attachment
Ainsworth	3 stages of attachment: 1) responds socially, but may not distinguish between people 2) recognizes caretaker and responds differently to familiar people 3)_about 6 mo, develops attachment
Authoritarian parenting	Dictated rules, expectation of compliance w/o explanation or reasoning or open discussion
Authoritative parenting	Imposed rules explained and open to discussion
Best perceived parenting style	Authoritative
Chromosomes	Structures in cells containing DNA & protein
Building blocks	Chromosomes
Crystallized intelligence	Accumulated knowledge which continues to increase throughout life cycle
Embryonic Stage	3-9th week Various body parts form & organs begin to function
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	Involves mental retardation caused by heavy drinking during pregnancy (teratogen effect)
Fetal Stage	Prenatal development from 9th wk to birth with rapid growth
Fetus can survive	Fetal Stage - 7th month
Fetoscopy	Use of camera into uterus to visualize fetus or obtain fetal blood sample
Fluid intelligence	Ability to reason abstractly & speedily which decreased with age
Intelligence which decreases with age	Fluid intelligence
Down's Syndrome	Extra 21st chromosome abnormality
Generativity	Process of being individually productive while simultaneously being supportive of others
Genes	Segment of DNA that function as hereditary units carrying code providing instruction to manufacture proteins
Genetic Counselors	Specialists giving advice to couples regarding particular hereditary disorders/traits
Genotypes	Genetic patterns of alleles that cannot be seen but can be modified through external exposure
Germinal Stage	Prenatal develope from conception through 2nd week
Stage where zygot adheres to uterine wall & becomes an embryo	Germinal Stage
Heterozygous	Alleles that are different
Homozygous	Alleles that are identical
Identity	Perception of self as an individual
Menarche	Initial menstrual period
Object performance	Awareness objects exist even when out of view Piaget's sensorimotor stage
Permissive Parenting	Parents acquiesce to child's demands, make few requirements and rarely if ever use punishment
Phenotypes	Observatlbe traits of a person...hair/eye color
Rejecting-neglecting Parenting	Not being involved in child's life, expecting little and devoting little of own time/effort ir rearing child
Teratogens	Chemicals, viruses, etc that cause physical defects in developing embryo
Most common Teratogen	Alcohol
Ultrasound	Sonogram of fetus to look for possible birth defects
Umbilical cord assessment	Umbilical cord blood studied for liver function & other fetal bodily functions not measurable any other way
Kubler-Ross	5 Stages of Death & Dying: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Aging myths	More vulnerable to illness Not as intellient Eventually beome senile Death preoccupies thoughts
Piaget	Cognitive development stages: Sensorimotor - Learn sensory & motor contact Preoperational - Logical reasoning concrete Postoperational - Abstract reasoning
Infant development	Based on biological maturation: lift head while prone - 2mo roll over - 3 to 4 mo sit up w/o support - 5 to 6 mo Pulls self up to stand - 7 to 9 mo Crawls - 7 to 12 mo
Language & motor abilities develop rapidly	Toddler
Start becoming independent	Toddler
Begin showing interest in other children	Toddler
Need to communicate increases	Early Childhood
Storm & Stress	Adolescence turmoil due to lack of security achieving approval of peers & sense of parental alienation
Hall	Storm & Stress
Develop concrete reasoning as well as hypothetical reasoning	Adolescence
Predict consequences	Adolescence
Moral reasoning more mature	Adolescence
Child explains behavior is bad only when punished	Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage
Erikson's first stage of development	Trust vs mistrust
Identical twins separataed at birth excel at mathemtacial skills & perform far above average levels on standardized tests	Mathematical reasoning ability may have strong genetic component
Research project comparing sensory capacity of 250 kindegarteners	Cross-sectional study physical development
80 year old generally pleased with his life but disappointed with strained relationship with son	Erickson's Integrity vs despair
Period from 3rd wk to 9th wk after conception	Embryonic Stage
Period from conception through 2nd wk	Germinal Stage
Period from 9th wk after conception to birth	Fetal Stage
Genetic patterns that cannot be seen	Genotypes
Anal stage	Freud’s second stage of psychosexual maturation, which involves the task of becoming toilet trained during years two and three.
Compulsion, stubborness, controlling, perfectionist	Anal Stage particularly harsh or demanding
Sloppiness, rebelliousness, disorganized	Anal Stage problems
Archetypes	Spiritual symbols that appear in many different cultures.
Jong's collective conscious symbols	Archetypes
Behaviorism	Branch of psychology founded on the notion that observable behavior is the only appropriate focus of psychology.
Behavior entirely conditioned thru environment	Behaviorism
Compensation	Ego defense mechanism that involves developing alternative behaviors and traits to make up for weaknesses.
Anxiety	State of tension that motivates humans
Denial	Ego defense mechanism that involves involuntary “blinding” of self to reality.
Displacement	Ego defense mechanism that involves shifting negative feelings to “safer” targets.
Ego (I)	The Freudian component of personality that attempts to meet one’s needs in a more realistic manner so that pleasure is maximized while punishment and harm to others are minimized.
In contact w/ external world & functions under reality principle	Ego
Electra complex	The phenomenon in human development that occurs anywhere from ages three to five when girls develop a bond with their father and develop a fear of or rivalry with their mother.
Phenomenon of girls in Phallic Stage	Electra complex
Fixation	The failure to resolve a certain psychosexual stage.
Becoming stuck due to stage being blocked causing inability to progress thru maturity	Fixation
Genital Stage	Freud’s final stage of psychosexual maturation, during which children begin to form adult sexual desires and interests, and the adult sexual identity begins to develop.
Humanistic theories	Theories of personality that focus on the subjective experiences of individuals striving for meaning and growth.
Id (it)	The Freudian component of personality that strives to gain immediate gratification without concern for its cost or effect upon others.
Instinctual urges, cravings & needs operating under pleasure principle	id
Identification	Ego defense mechanism that involves reducing moral anxiety by aligning self with a valued person, goal, or cause.
Introjection	Ego defense mechanism that involves reducing anxiety by adopting values and standards of important others.
Latent stage	Freud’s fourth stage of psychosexual maturation, during which children’s cognitive abilities and ego develop and their sexual development is largely “on hold.”
Learned helplessness	Silyman Passive resignation, or a feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and depression that is sometimes experienced by people who face repeated traumatic events that they have no control over.
Learning theories	Theories of personality that focus on learned patterns of behavior and cognitive interpretation of events.
Locus of control	Rotter The place where people perceive to have the greatest influence over their behavior.
Moral anxiety	Discomfort caused by superego punishment for violating personal morality or being imperfect.
Neurotic anxiety	Unrealistic fear that one’s instincts will rule one’s behavior, thereby causing one to act in contrast to the demands of society, which will result in punishment.
Object relations theory	A model that explores the relationship between people or things (objects) and the individual’s perceptions of these objects, based on the underlying concept that two people may see the same object but experience two extremely different reactions.
Oedipus complex	The phenomenon in human development that occurs anywhere from ages three to five when boys develop a bond with their mother and develop a fear of or rivalry with their father.
Phenomenon of boys in Phallic Stage	Oedipus complex
Oral stage	Freud’s first stage of psychosexual maturation, during which children are focused on oral activities such as sucking nipples, fingers, and nearly anything else they can get into their mouths.
Eating disorders, smoking, drinking, excessive talking	Becoming stuck in the oral stage
Personality	Patterns of human behavior, cognition, and affect as they occur in everyday life across situations and over time.
Phallic stage	Freud’s third stage of psychosexual maturation, during which children become aware of their genitals and begin to experience pleasure through fondling or rubbing them.
Stage where super-ego develops	Phallic stage
Pleasure principle	The principle stating that people seek immediate pleasure to avoid pain and to reduce tension.
Projection	Ego defense mechanism that involves involuntary attribution of one’s own unacceptable feelings to others.
Psychodynamic theories	Theories of personality that focus largely on unconscious conflicts and defenses.
Psychosexual stages	Freud’s five stages of maturation: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.
Link between mental activity & instinct to seek pleasure	Psychosexual stages
Rationalization	Ego defense mechanism that involves reducing the effects of unacceptable outcomes by discounting their importance.
Reaction formation	The process of substituting a particular reaction with its opposite reaction to avoid guilt, punishment, or another negative experience.
Realistic anxiety	Fear of danger from the external world that is proportionate to actual threat.
Reality principle	The principle stating that the human ego attempts to meet the demands of the id while simultaneously considering the mandates of society.
Learning to delay gratification while seeking long-term pleasure	Reality principle
Regression	Ego defense mechanism that involves reverting to an earlier developmental behavior to decrease anxiety.
Repression	A kind of motivated forgetting, in which a person does not remember something because of the emotional pain or anxiety it causes.
Self-actualization	The resolution of personal conflicts and achievement of emotional growth.
Sublimation	The process of shifting the energy of one’s libido from primarily self-serving pursuits to those centered on service and advancement of society.
Superego (over I)	The Freudian component of personality that considers the internalized beliefs and censures created by societal norms that strive to limit the ungoverned pursuit of gratification.
Part of brain concerning conscience, values & ideals	Superego
Traits	A person’s consistent behaviors and attitudes that last over time and across situations.
Major focus of psychological research	Traits
Typology	The process of defining categories of personality based on common traits rather than the personality traits of an individual.
Adler	Sibling rivalry
Adler	People strive for superiority to overcome inferiority complex
Adler	Personality sum of person's interests, goals & desires
Jung	Collective unconscious
Jung	Spirituality containing archetypes
Horney	Individuals need for love & security
Horney	Childhood experiences solidify personality before adulthood
Horney	Styles of interacting with others: Moving toward Moving away Moving against
Erikson	8 stages encompassing life span
Erikson & Infancy	Establishing basic trust
Erikson & Adolescence	Time for establishing identity
Erikson & Adulthood	Intimacy, generativity & integrity
Rotter	Locus of control
Internal locus	Rotter Take credit for own success & blame other for failure
External locus	Controlled by world: chance, fortune, fate
Rotter: better coping skills and greater sense of control	Internal locus
Seligman	Learned helplessness
Rogers	Self concept center of personality: Genuiniess Acceptance Empathy
Genuisness	Rogers Parents honest & open with children
Acceptance	Rogers Parents exrpessed caring even with rule breaking
Empathy	Rogers Parents view/understand thru child's view
Behavioral assessment	An assessment process that aims to interpret a person’s responses and characteristics in a natural environment.
Observing person having problems at work while at the job	Behavioral assessment
Clinical assessment	A process that requires a client to respond (in person rather than on paper) to ambiguous questions, situations, or tasks so that the person conducting the assessment can interpret the responses.
Five-factor model "Big 5"	A model that views human personality in terms of five general traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
OCEAN	Acronym for the five-factor model
Idiographic approaches	Approaches to studying personality that consider individuals as a whole and in the context of their situational surroundings.
Nomothetic approaches	Approaches to studying personality that look at specific elements of personality (e.g., warmth or agreeableness) across groups of individuals, typically ignoring the context within which these elements or traits are enacted.
Self-efficacy	The belief that one is able to perform the required behaviors to produce a desired outcome.
The higher opinion person has of this, the more they will persist in producing desired outcome	Self-efficacy
Self-serving bias	The tendency to think of oneself favorably.
90% people think they are above average in dealing/getting along with others	Self-serving bias
Objective tests	Reliable & valid Taker can be "normed"
MMPI2	Most widely used Objective test
Myers-Briggs	Business & career counseling still use though not reliable/valid in empirical sense
NEO	Widely used in clinical, counselling & educational settings of the Big 5
16PF	Test used prior to NEO which was used to predict likely fitness into profession/occupation
Projective tests	Allows one to "project" unconscious needs/wants onto ambiguous stimuli
TAT	Looks into why, what occured with why person drew certain picture
Sentence completion	Helps discover potential themes that characterize a person
According to Freud, attempts to meet a person's need for gratification while simultanesously considering dictates of society	Ego & Reality
Decreasing anxiety by making one less vulnerable according to Horney	Moving away
Abnormality	That which inhibits the adaptation of an individual to the demands of his or her environment.
Depression leads to changes in work habits, sleeping & eating	Abnormality
Abnormal psychology	The scientific study of those aspects of human emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning that cause distress and maladaptivity.
Biopsychosocial framework	A framework that considers each of the subsystems of human functioning—physical, psychological, and social—rather than concentrating on only one aspect, thus allowing for multiple treatment pathways for healing or improvement.
Study that does not specify a particular direction of causation between elements	Biopsychosocial framework
Etiology	The cause of a disorder.
Maladaptivity	The inability to respond effectively to one’s environment.
Distress & suffering as elements of abnormality	Either cause disturbance to individual or individuals behavior disturbs those around them
GAF	Global Assessment of Functioning with 50/100 indicating presence of serious difficulties
Biological Model	Abnormality result of physical causes while focusing on brain function
Psychodynamic Model	Abnormality influenced by inner conflict between competing needs
Learning Model	Abnormality result of reinforecement in behavior considered abnormal to avoid "punishment" from environment
Humanistic Model	Abnormality result of programming to move toward self-actualization (resolution).
Mismatch of behavior imposed by society and who individual actually is	Humanistic Model
Existential Model	Abnormality result of unresolved conflicts or inability to accept certain aspects of reality
Interpersonal Model	Abnormality result of interaction between individual & S.O.
Community Model	Abnormality influenced by aspects of socity like discrimination, poverty, lack of social support
DSM	Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5 sections)
Axis I	Disorders grouped by symptoms
Axis II	Disorders categorized
Axis III	Physical/Medical contributing factors
Axis IV	Environmental contributing stressors
Axis V	Overall quality of social & occupational functioning
Psychodynamic's abnormal behavior	Individual's attempts to meet needs and avoid punishment
Psychopathological models with greatest impact	Biological, psychodynamic & learning
DSM does NOT	Provide concrete definitions of what constitutes abnormality
How are Axis I and III disorders related	Axis III disorders contribute to presence of Axis I disororders
Acute schizophrenia	A form of schizophrenia characterized by positive symptoms, motor manifestations, relatively minor thought disturbances, and a positive response to neuroleptic medication.
Agoraphobia	A fear of being in any situation that might provoke a panic attack or from which escape might be difficult if a panic attack occurred.
Person avoids leaving home due to fear of getting a panic attack & not being able to escape	Agoraphobia
Amnesia	A loss of memory for events, which may even involve loss of memory of one’s identity.
Antisocial personality disorder	A personality disorder manifested by a pattern of irresponsible and harmful behavior as indicated by academic failure, poor job performance, illegal activities, recklessness, and impulsive behavior.
One personality disorder receiving lots of study	Antisocial personality disorder
Anxiety disorders	Psychological disorders that involve excessive fear, worry, and physiological reactivity.
Sympathetic Nervous System activated despite absence of real danger	Anxiety disorders
3 basic anxiety disorders	GAD Panic disorders Phobias
Avoidant personality disorder	A personality disorder in which affected individuals desire close relationships with others but avoid them out of fear of rejection.
Biofeedback	The process of monitoring physical states such as blood pressure or muscle tension with a machine and providing people with immediate feedback so that they may control muscle tension.
Bipolar disorder	A mood disorder characterized by extreme or rapid fluctuations between depression and mania.
Borderline personality disorder	Unstable mood, self-image, unstable intense inerpersonal relationhips Display extremes of overidealization & devaluation Marked shift to extreme mood, anxiety or impulsiveness
One personality disorder receiving lots of study	Borderline personality disorder
Chronic schizophrenia	A form of schizophrenia characterized by negative symptoms, conspicuous thought disturbances, evidence of cerebral atrophy, and generally poor response to neuroleptics.
Conversion disorder	Another name for psychogenic pain disorder.
Hysteria	Conversion / Psychogenic pain disorder
Delusional disorder	A psychological disorder that involves the presence of a persistent delusion or misbelief about an aspect of one’s existence or reality.
Delusions	Bizarre and often unsettling beliefs that are implausible.
Dependent personality disorder	A personality disorder in which affected individuals desire close relationships with others but tend to use those relationships for consistent reassurance and to avoid the risk of attempting things on their own.
Dissociative disorders	Psychological disorders that involve disruptions in memory, consciousness, or identity.
Amnesia / Fugue State	Dissociative disorders
Dissociative identity disorder	A dissociative disorder characterized by the coexistence of two or more identities within the same person; formerly called multiple personality disorder.
Dysthymia	A low-level chronic depression greater than two years in duration.
Factitious disorder	A disorder that involves the intentional production of symptoms or complaints with the intended purpose of assuming a patient role.
Fugue State	Rare state in which an individual takes a new identity without realizing he or she is amnestic.
General adapation syndrome	A model that examines the ways in which an animal’s natural, physical response to a stressor can become problematic under the influence of prolonged stress.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)	Involves excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events for a period of at least six months, resulting in symptoms including restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, or sleep disturbance.
Seyle	General adaption syndrome
Hallucinations	Sensations and perceptions with no realistic cause.
Health psychology	Branch of psychology concerned with the relationship between physical disease and psychological stress.
Lack of social support leads to coronary heart disease	Health psychology
Histrionic personality disorder	A personality disorder characterized by excessive attention seeking and often sexually seductive behavior.
Hypochondriasis	A somatoform disorder that involves a preoccupation with having serious illnesses, despite the lack of medical evidence.
Hypomania	A “mild” form of mania that does not cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.
Bipolar II disorder	Hypomania
Major depression	A mood disorder characterized by long-lasting emotions of sadness, irritability, emptiness, apathy, self-hate, and guilt that affect an individual’s entire body.
Appr 15% population will suffer of this during their lifetime	Major depression
"Whole body" disorder	Major depression
Hopelessness	Increased susceptibility to pathogens, increased cancer & death and impaired immuno competence
Malingering	Intentional production of symptoms, or lying about symptoms, in order to receive an environmental reinforcer.
Manic episode	Period of elevated or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week as well as excessive involvement in activities despite potentially neagive consequences
Mood disorders	Psychological disorders that are characterized by episodes of depression or mania.
Narcisistic personality disorder	A personality disorder in which affected individuals expect exemptions from typical social or work rules and regulations and often manipulate and take advantage of others.
Negative symptoms	Symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by a lack of significant activity; examples include anhedonia, apathy, flat affect, and social isolation.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)	Person experiences obsessions, or recurrent and intrusive thoughts or images that he or she cannot control, and attempts to eliminate the anxiety associated with them by carrying out repetitive, intentional behaviors called compulsions.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder	A personality disorder in which affected individuals are perfectionists.
Panic attack	An anxiety disorder in which brief episodes of intense fear are accompanied by multiple physical symptoms that occur repeatedly and unexpectedly in the absence of any external threat.
Panic disorder	A specific instance of unexpected, intense fear or anxiety, including shortness of breath, increased heart rate, dizziness, perspiration, choking sensations, trembling, or other bodily sensations, as well as a fear of dying or “going crazy.”
Peaks in 10 - 15 minutes	Panic disorder
Paranoid personality disorder	A personality disorder characterized by consistent and stable patterns of suspicion of others, despite an apparent lack of psychotic paranoid processes.
More characteristic of some Axis I disorders	Paranoid personality disorder
Personality disorders	Disorders characterized by stable, deviant, inflexible patterns of social behavior and intrapsychic experiences.
Become stable over time & situations	Personality disorders
Positive symptoms	Symptoms of schizophrenia that involve increased activity; examples include hallucinations, delusions, excitement, and disorganized speech.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	Develops after exposure to a life-threatening trauma or some other trauma-inducing experience; the affected individual reexperiences the trauma through flashbacks or dreams and experiences intense distress when exposed to similar situations.
Psychogenic pain disorder	A somatoform disorder marked by a loss of physical functioning without an identifiable physical cause.
Psychosomatic illness	A largely discarded term for illnesses or physical conditions that have psychological factors as part of their cause.
Schizoid personality disorder	A personality disorder characterized by distant interpersonal behavior and an apparent lack of interest in relationships with others.
Schizophrenia	Severe psychological disorder characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and deterioration in one’s general level of functioning.
Social phobia	A fear of being painfully embarrassed in a social setting.
Somatoform disorder	A disorder in which a person experiences pain or other physical symptoms as a result of a psychological cause.
Schizotypal personality disorder	A personality disorder characterized by magical beliefs; affected individuals often appear odd to others.
Specific phobia	A fear of being painfully embarrassed in a social setting.
Type A Individuals	Highly strung individuals who focus on deadlines, competition, and achievement.
Type B Individuals	Individuals who are more relaxed and tranquil.
Paranoid	Delusions or hallucinations predominate
Disorganized	Speech & behavior problems predominate
Catatonic	Extreme negativism, mutism, peculiarities of voluntary movement or sterotyped movements predominate
Undifferentiated	No single clinical presentation predominates
Residual	Prominent psychotic symptoms no longer predominate
Assessment	The process of investigating aspects of an individual’s situation systematically to generate hypotheses regarding the problems involved, their causes and effects, and potential solutions.
Diagnosis	The process of using the information collected during an initial assessment and determining how the patient’s problems fit into a general classification scheme.
Global therapies	Approaches to treatment that view any single problem in the context of a larger system, whether the system is the client’s personality, interpersonal relations, or society.
Mental status examination	A brief interview screening a patient’s degree of orientation to place, person, and the time and purpose of meeting.
Specific therapies	Approaches to treatment in which a particular problem or symptom is chosen as the focus, and specific techniques are employed to alleviate the problem.
Structured interviews	Interviews that ensure that certain pieces of information are gained from each patient by using a process in which the same questions are asked in the same manner and same order to each patient.
Unstructured interviews	Interviews that involve learning through discussing an individual’s history, as well as his or her social, educational, medical, and psychological status.
Focus more generally on understanding & adjusting the larger picture	Global therapies
Using the DSM or the ICD for coding	Diagnosis
Attention & concentration, memory and thought processes	Mental status examination
Specific problem result of some fundamental problem in the system	Specific therapies
Cenceptualization of problems then looking for means of addressing them	Unstructured interviews
Treatments can include	Psychotherapy, Rx, education, methods like biofeedback
Objective tests	Standardized & uniform with well-delineated scoring rating personality or psychological problems
Projective tests	Having pt explain, describe or respond to presented stimuli
Behavioral observation	By clinician in office, or in environment with S.O.'s and daily logs
Anticonvulsants	A group of medications that have historically been used to treat seizure disorders but are now also used to treat bipolar disorders.
Mood Stabilizers	Another term for anticonvulsants
Depakote, Lamictal, Neurontin	Anticonvulsants/Mood Stabilizers - bipolar
Antidepressants	Medications used to treat depression; the three primary categories of these drugs are tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Antipsychotic meds working in 2-4 weeks	Antidepressants
Antipsychotic meds also helpfull with anxiety & panic disorders	Antidepressants
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil	SSRI - antidepressants
Cognitive therapy	A method that focuses on changing a person’s thoughts to reduce his or her problematic symptoms of depression or anxiety.
Time limited & concrete goal oriented therapy	Cognitive
Automatic thoughts	Beck - Cognitive therapy identifying beliefs & emotions resulting for reflex thoughts occuring throughout day
Couples therapy	A type of group therapy in which the client is a couple, and the primary goal is to help the couple learn how to solve their problems together.
Group therapy	Helps work on relationships with others, develop social skills, helping others & seeing how own behavior affects others
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)	A treatment for severe depression administered by passing a strong current of electricity through one hemisphere of the brain which is 80-90% effetive w/ repeated sessions
Memory loss	Common with ECT
Empathy	The ability to see the world through another person’s eyes.
Humanistic tools for psychotherapy	Empathy, Genuiness, Warmth
Family therapy	A kind of group therapy that attempts to change the system of interactions between family members.
Patient's behavior result of being forced upon or as a scapegoat of more powerful family member revealed	Family therapy
Flooding	A therapeutic procedure that continually exposes an individual to his or her most feared object or situation until the fear is resolved by learning fear is bearable and does not predict traumatic event
Operant condition therapies	Flooding, Modeling and Systemic desensitization
Free association	A Freudian technique of probing the unconscious in which individuals are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring their thoughts.
Individuals not only censor throughts from others, but also from self-recognition	Free association
Genuineness	The ability to openly express oneself and share oneself with another person.
High-potency benzodiazepines	The most common drugs used to treat anxiety; these medications act as minor tranquilizers.
Meds which take effect quickly, easily become dependnt too and have severe withdrawl symptomes	High-potency benzodiazepines
Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Lorazepam	High-potency benzodiazepines
Lithium	A form of salt that is considered to be the primary treatment for bipolar disorder which is 80% effective when taken
Needs to be monitored closely for CNS or CV dysfunction	Lithium
Lobotomy	A brain operation formerly used to treat severe chronic schizophrenia.
Therapy done as OP in doctor's offices into 1950's	Lobotomy
Problems are learned	Behavioral & Cognitive view
Problems result of "stunted growth" in spirit or personality	Humanistic view
Problems caused by unconscious factors	Psychoanalytic & Psychodynamic view
Effective therapy for phobias	Systemic desensitization
Modeling	A procedure used to treat phobias in which an individual watches a model expose himself or herself to the feared stimulus; gradually, the individual becomes involved with the model and interacts with the feared object.
Neuroleptics	A class of drugs with powerful tranquilizing effects that are often used to treat psychotic disorders.
Dopamine affected	Neuroleptics
Thorazine, Haldol, Zyprexa, Seroqual	Neuroleptics
Antipsychotic drug effective as long as taking	Neuroleptics
Lethargy, Tremors, Fogginess, Blunted affect, Numbness	Neuroleptics
Psychodynamic therapies	Therapies that focus largely on the social relations the patient has: those in the past with parents and others, those in the present with significant others, and the relationship that develops between the patient and the therapist.
Therapy focusing on therapist focussing on changing how client relates with others through relationship with client	Psychodynamic therapy
Rational-emotive therapy	Ellis A cognitive approach to therapy in which the therapist approaches the client in a directive manner to identify irrational beliefs, refute them, and give responsibility to the patient to extinguish those beliefs.
Systemic desensitization	Method of treatment that pairs deep muscle relaxation with increasingly frightening situations; through an examination of his or her fear hierarchy, the client is eventually relieved of his or her fear of a certain stimulus.
Transference	The unconscious act of transferring the feelings one has for an important person in one’s life to someone else.
Allowing client to transfer conflicts/unresolved issued to therapist	Transference
Warmth	The ability to be emotionally close to another person and offer him or her hope and caring.
Early anti-psychotic meds	Parkinson-like symptoms & tardive dyskinesia
Ellis	Rational-emotive therapy
Most common treatment for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders	Neuroleptics
Part of an unstructured interview	Mental status examination
Finding out patient's dates of institutionalization, family hx of mental hisoty is	Structured interview
Aggression	Physical or verbal behavior performed to injure or destroy another person, animal, or object.
Influenced by genetics, neural system and biochemicals	Aggression
Altruism	Caring for others without intent of self-gain.
Attitudes	Convictions and opinions that affect our response to things, people, situations, and events.
Influence behavior when outside influences minimized	Attitudes
Attribution theory	A theory proposing that people explain the behavior of one another by examining a person’s dispositions (internal causes) and situations (external causes).
Disposition	Internal cause
Situation	External cause
Bystander effect	A term used to describe the fact that people are much less likely to help someone in trouble if there are other bystanders who also do not help
Cognitive dissonance theory	A theory suggesting that if our thoughts and actions are at odds with one another, the discomfort of this discrepancy will influence us to change our attitudes or thoughts to align them with the behavior that we have exhibited.
Conformity	An individual’s adjustment of behavior in order to align with the norms of a group.
Deindividuation	The phenomenon in which a person acts without restraint or self-consciousness when he or she feels anonymous within a group setting
Law abiding behavioral changes during riots and times of war	Deindividuation
Fundamental attribution error	The error that occurs when we analyze someone’s behavior and underestimate the influence of external factors (situations) and overestimate the influence of internal factors (dispositions)when making judgments
Groupthink	The thinking that transpires when a group desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a focus on considering all options and arriving at a balanced decision.
Steps to avoid groupthink	Minority opinion consistent, unwavering & more successful. Bringing in outside impartial experts. Splitting into subgroups to discuss issues & come to conclusions. Leaders avoid taking stance early in discussions.
5 stages group development	1) Forming 2) Storming - intragoup conflict for control 3) Norming - cohesiveness & close relationships with common expectations 4) Performing - fully functioning 5) Adjourning - preparing to disband as objectives met
Norms	The standards of appropriate and inappropriate behaviors within a group.
Obedience	The act of following the direction of authority.
Reference groups	Groups that allow people to define themselves as members and consequently feel that the group is significant
Role expectation	The perception that others hold about how one should behave in a situation.
Role perception	An individual’s belief of how he or she is supposed to act in a certain situation.
Scripts	Guides for socially appropriate behavior that people develop based on societal norms
Social exchange theory	A theory proposing that if an individual perceives that the rewards for helping will outweigh the costs, then that person will become willing to help
Social loafing	A term used to describe how people will do less work as the size of the group performing a task increases
Social psychology	Branch of psychology that involves the study of social relations between people, whether in dyads (two-person groups) or larger group
Social thinking, influence & relations	Social psychology
Superordinate goal	A goal that is important to two groups and requires them to work together
Affiliation	The tendency to seek out other humans which helps decrease anxiety of being alone
Attraction	The simple concept that people are drawn to each other by proximity, physical attracton, reciprocity, similarity
Bicultural identity	An identity linked to both a subculture and the larger culture
Collectivism	The definition of one’s identity based on a group’s identity, which awards priority to group goals - Interdepedency (Eastern culture)
Compassionate love	The rich connection that develops in a love relationship over time
Culture	A group of ideas, behaviors, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and passed on from one generation to the next
Ethnicity	A part of an individual’s social identity that is made up of shared ancestral and cultural heritages
Self-awareness forced from being different from surroundings	Ethnicity
Friendship	A relationship that builds upon liking with the added component of a mutual perception of similarity
Gender	The set of characteristics by which individuals are identified as either male or female
Gender identity	A person’s sense of which gender he or she belongs to, which sometimes does not correspond to the person’s observable biological characteristics
Gender roles	The expected behaviors of males and female
Over lifespan, women become more dominate and men become less so	Gender roles
Individualism	The definition of one’s identity based on personal attributes, which awards priority to personal goals - Independence (Western culture)
Liking	The phenomenon in which two or more individuals have positive attitudes toward each other
Passionate love	A deep, intense, aroused state of love, usually present in the beginning of a love relationship
Prejudice	Unjustifiable and often negative attitudes toward different racial, cultural, or gender groups that lead people to discriminate against others
Scapegoating	Focusing blame or hostility on one person leading to prejudice
Most affected measure of central tendency by outliers	Mean
Focus of psychological science in attempt to relate overt responses to observable enviornmental stinuli	Behavioral approach
"Response latency is number of seconds that elapse between stimulus & response" is an example of	Operational definition
Releast of neurotransmitter information into synaptic cleft caused by	Action potential
Neuron is polarized when in a	Resting state
Sendory deprivation in adults cause	Hallucinations and impaired effiency in all areas of intellectual functioning
Rods more dense in	Periphery of retina
Brain waves in REM sleep	Rapid low amplitude waves
Cencking coin return ever vending machine passed is behavior being maintained via	Variable ratio schedule
Teacher tells student to sit in class and over next several days student stands more & more thus being told repeatedly to sit is an example of	Reinforcement
Recall performace on typical forgetting curve	Ebbinghaus Decreases rapidly at first then levels off
How is information processed	Sensory, Perception, Learning, Thinking, Short-term memory then Long-term memory
In an inverted U shaped functional model, which levels will lead to poorest performance	Low & high levels
Longitudinal research is perferred since subjects	Utilized as own experimental controls
When someone accepts another's values & imitates their behavior	Identifying
Angered, firt impulse is to strike at person but insteads yells & kicks door	Displacement
Projective tests	Psychoanalysis
Pessimistic & moody person classified by Eysenck	Unstable & introverted
Eysenck's personality dimension	NEP: Neurotic/Unstable vs Stable Extroverted vs Introverted Psychotic vs Normal
Key distinction between personality trait & attitude	Durability
Obsession	Unwanted thought
Similarity, proximity and familiarity	Attraction
Diffusion of responsibility	Bystander effect
Levels of compassion per Sternberg	Intimacy, passion, commitment
Job satisfaction has inverse relationship with	Turnover
Focusing on individual's ability or personality characteristics	Dispositional
Best diagnostic tool used when studying focal brain activity	PET
Temperment	Chess & Thomas: easy, difficult, slow to warm up
Mouse not given reward while learning until "final" day then presented and mouse "catches" up to another which has been rewarded each trial	Latent learning
Humanistic approach emphasizes	Free will
Learning association "dog" with certain four-legged furry animals, child will frequently misidentify other 4 legged animals	Negative transfer
Hostility	Most closely correlated with heart disease
Personality disorders characterized by	Problematic social relationships & inflexible and maladaptive responses to stress
Attempts to correct irrational beliefs that lead to psychological distress	Cognitive therapy
Case Studies	Detailed investigation of single subject/topic from which findings generalized
Correlation Studies	Show how 2 pheonomena/situations correspond to onte another
Study that does NOT prove causation	Correlation
Cross Validation	Checking data against other' findings to reduce possible bias
Meta Analysis	Complining results of numerous studies on particular phenomena & analyze data
Perceptual Constancy	Seeing object as unchanging even with light/retinal sensation changes
Contract Perception	Ability to differentiate something from surrounding stimuli
Assimilation	Taking "new experience" and incorporating into existing concept/idea
Accomodation	Expanding on'e schemas (concepts from past experience) when no longer adequate
"q" factor	General intelligence exists in people and may vary across individuals of same level.
Cannon-Bard Theory	Physiological & emotional reactions to stimuli occur simultaneousl
James-Lang Theory	Experience emotions after physiological change noted
Emotions	Physical arousal & cognitive label
Components of emotions	Physiological, behavior, conscious experience
More children view TV violence, more display aggressive behavior	Positive Correlation
Withdrawl from can be fatal if not monitored	Acohol
Child avoids homeworks & parent reminds them until done then stops	Negative Reinforcement
Aptitute Test	Predict ability to learn new skill/material
Period in cycle men cannot have orgasm	Refractory
Returning wallet found with money also	SuperEgo
Pt interacts with staff like does with mother	Transference
Depressed patient can see significant results from meds	3-6 wks
Industrial Psychologist studying group decision making i boardroom	Applied Research
To a dog, a bone is	Primary Enforcer
Series of dates to remember on immediate recall	Serial position effect
Making judgements by how well match to familiar situations	Representative heurestic
Kohlber's stage one's decisions justified by internal standards	Postconventional
Germinal stage starts from	Single cell
According to Erikson, main adolescent psychosocial task	Forming identity
Freud's stage where ego & cognitive abilities form	Latent
Longitudinal studing degree of extraversion in people from several countries	Trait Theory
Negative symptom of schitzophrenia	Social isolation
Example of dissociative disorder	Amnesia
ECT effective for	Depression
Group of prejudiced students discuss racial issues	Become more prejudiced

Created by: flanurse

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Myers 7th Edition - Chapter 01 Vocabulary

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AP Psychology Human Development

Balance Courage with Considerations/ Make deposits in other people's EBA

Myers 7th Edition - Chapter 11 Vocabulary

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