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Micro metabolism ch5
prof.Khan notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions (anabolic and catabolic) within a living organism. Or An energy balance act. Or YIN-YANG |
| Anabolism or Synthesis | Chemical reactions in which energy is used to synthesize large molecules from simpler components. Example: 1) Amino Acid + Amino Acid----> Dipeptid H2O 2) Capsule Synthesis in Bacteria Synthesis-deheydration- removing water |
| Catabolism or Hydrolysis | The chemical breakdown of complex molecules into simpler substances. This process releases energy. example: 1) Dipeptide ---> Amino Acid, Amino Acid H20 - hydrolysis- adding water 2) Breakdown of capsule under unfavorable conditions |
| Enzymes (Organic Catalysts): | ): Proteins produced by living cells that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. All enzymes are proteins. |
| Substrate: | The substance on which enzyme works. chips |
| Active or Catalytic Site | specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate. |
| Enzyme Structure: | A number of enzymes are pure proteins (simple enzymes) however many enzymes (holoenzymes) consist of a protein portion (apoenzyme) and a non-protein portion (coenzyme or cofactor) |
| Holoenzymes | consist of a protein portion (apoenzyme) and a non-protein portion (coenzyme or cofactor) |
| Coenzyme | is an organic molecule such as: •Vitamin K -Used in electron transport chain •Folic Acid - Used in the synthesis of nucleic acids |
| Cofactor | is an inorganic ion such as magnesium, zinc, or manganese. |
| The Mechanism of Enzymatic Action ( part one) | 1. The substrate combines with active site of the enzyme. 2. A temporary intermediate compound forms called enzyme-substrate complex. |
| The Mechanism of Enzymatic Action ( part two) | 3. The substrate molecule is transformed by: a. Breakdown of substrate molecule- catabolic b. Combining two substrate molecule together- anabolic c. Rearrangement of existing atoms - rearrangement |
| The Mechanism of Enzymatic Action ( part three) | 4. The transformed substrate molecules, now called the product of the reaction, are released from the enzyme molecule. 5. The unaltered enzyme reacts with other substrate molecules. |
| Classification of Enzymes | Enzymes can be classified into six categories according to the type of reaction they catalyze. |
| Class 1: Oxidoreductases | Catalyze oxidation reduction reactions Example: Cytochrome Oxidase |
| Class 2: Transferases | Move a group (C, N, P or S) from one substrate to another Example: Alanine Deaminase – one of the 20 amino acids |
| Class 3: Hydrolases | Add water to break covalent bonds. Example: Sucrase |
| Class 4: Lyases | Break covalent bonds without adding water. Example: Isocitrate Lyase citric acid |
| Class 5: Isomerases | Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule. – with in the same molecule Example: Glucose-Phosphate Isomerase |
| Class 6: Ligases | Join two molecules to form a larger molecule. Example: DNA-Ligase involeves in - DNA replication |
| Location of Enzyme | 1. Exoenzymes (extracellular) 2. Endoenzymes (intracellular) |
| Regularity of Enzyme | 1. Constitutive Enzymes 2. Inducible (adaptive) |
| Factors Influencing Enzymatic Activity | a. Temperature b. pH c. Substrate Concentration |
| 1- Competitive Inhibition: | A molecule similar to a substrate can bind to an enzyme’s active site and prevents the formation of end products. Example: Replacement of Para-AminoBenzoic Acid (PABA) with sulfanilamide. |
| 2- Noncompetitive Inhibition: | Substances such as lead and other heavy metals(made outside the body/cell) attach to the enzyme at allosteric site and alter the shape of the active site. PERMENANT-it doesnt come off ; irreversible |
| 3- Feedback Inhibition or End Product Inhibition: | The inhibitor (end product-made in side thee cell) attaches to the allosteric site of the enzyme when it is plentiful and is released when it is in short supply. REVERSIBLE |
| 4- Enzyme Repression (Genetic Control): | End product binds with DNA and stops its production. |
| 5- Enzyme Induction: | Enzyme is synthesized only if the inducer (substrate is present). |
| Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production by Heterotrophs | Most bacteria are heterotrophs require prepared organic food to generate energy and are unable to convert inorganic compounds to organic compounds. 1- Aerobic Respiration of CHO 2- Anaerobic Respiration of CHO (partially broken down) |
| Aerobic Respiration of Carbohydrates: | A process in which carbohydrates are completely oxidized into H2O and energy (ATP). |
| Aerobic Respiration of Carbohydrates: | 1. It involves three major steps. a. Glycolysis b. Kreb’s cycle c. Electron transport chain 2. Final electron acceptor is almost always an inorganic molecule, most commonly oxygen. |
| Glycolysis; all living cells go thru it. (10steps) | 1. Glucose is broken down in a series of reactions to form: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid --> transition reaction---> Acetyl CoA--> kreb’s cycle 4(gross) ATP’s (net gain 2 ATP) 2 NADH ---> going to Electron chain (ETC) |
| Transition Reaction | During a Transition Reaction pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA, which than enters into kreb’s cycle. |
| Kreb’s Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarbooxylic Acid Cycle | • Hydrogen and CO2 are removed at various steps. • End products include: 2 ATP’s 4 CO2 2 FADH 8 NADH |
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC): | Accepts hydrogen ions released during previous two steps. End products include: 34 ATP and water |
| ATP Count in Aerobic Respiration: | Total Net Glycolysis 4 2 Kreb’s Cycle 2 2 ETC 34 34 total 40 38 |
| Anaerobic Respiration of Glucose Fermentation (Partial Oxidation) (Glycolysis - no Kreb cycle or ETC) | All metabolic processes that release energy from a sugar or other organic molecule, do not require oxygen (no Kreb’s cycle) or an electron transport chain, and use organic molecules as the final electron acceptor. Alcohol the end product. |
| Types of Fermentation: Homolactic/Acidic Fermentation: | 1. Homolactic/Acidic Fermentation: (Homo-same) Glucose ----- > Lactic Acid Examples: Lactobacillus bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus |
| Types of Fermentation: Alcohol Fermentation | 2. Alcoholic Fermentation: Glucose -----> Ethyl alcohol + CO2 Example: Sccharomyces cerevisiae - baking yeast |
| Fermentation - E. coli | Some organisms such as E. Coli can produce both organic acids (lactic, acetic, succinic) and alcohol from glucose and are called heterolactic or heterofermentative bacteria. |
| Photosynthesis in Bacteria (fyi. most bacteria are heterotrophs) | Some bacteria such as cyanobacteria bacteria (aerobic),green sulfur bacteria, and purple sulfur bacteria (anaerobic) are autotrophs.These bacteria utilize light energy to convert CO2 and H2O(inorganic Compounds)into glucose (organic compound). |
| Photosynthesis involves the following two major steps: | A. The light reactions B. The dark reactions |
| The Light Reactions: light and H20 No Co2 1. Cyclic Photophosphorylation | 1. Cyclic Photophosphorylation (anaerobic organism) -green sulfur and purple sulfur bacteria End Product: ATP only Light energy attaches to phosphate to make ATP |
| The Light Reactions: Noncyclic Photophosphorylation | 2. Noncyclic Photophosphorylation (aerobic organisms) Cyanobacteria End Products: Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH No glucose is made in this light phase reaction |
| The Dark Reactions/Calvin-Benson Cycle: | takes place in three stages : 1. The Carboxylation Phase 2. The Reduction Phase 3. The Regeneration phase |
| The Dark Reaction - 1. The Carboxylation Phase | Carbon (from carbon dioxide) is fixed/attached to RuBP (Ribulose 1,5 Biphosphate) to produce PGA (3-Phosphoglyceric Acid). |
| The Dark Reaction - 2. The Reduction Phase | Needs the End products from Light Reaction ( Oxygen , ATP, and NADPH ) Utilizes ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) to produce PGAL (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate). |
| The Dark Reaction - 3. The Regeneration Phase | PGAL is converted into glucose and RuBP. Glucose comes from PGAL. |
Created by:
rkasiejka
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