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I <3 VOCABULARY
Mrs. Doherty's vocab terms. Please appreciate this. It took forever.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction | (1865-1877) The 12 year period following the Civil War in which the US attempted to rebuild itself physically, sicially, economically, & politically. A controversial time period with many successes and failures. |
| Solid South | Democratic strong hold in the south |
| Presidntial Reconstruction (Lincoln + Johnson, 1865-1877) | A leniant, moderate & forgiving policy. The goal was to reunite as soon as possible. It pardoned almost all Confederates. Abolished slavery, but gave blacks no other rights. |
| Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction (1867-1872) | Harsh and punishing toward Confederates; forbade voting and holding office. Implemented 5 military districts in the south & federal troops sent to enforce the rules. Abolished slavery, granted black citizenship, suffrage, & the right to hold office. |
| Successes of Reconstruction | Successful poilitically and scoailly. Blacks held major elected office positions, state supported school systems were built in the South, & Civil Rights laws were enacted which repealed black codes. |
| Failures of Reconstruction | Failure economically. The South's economy was undiversified and the sharecropping system proved to be dysfunctional. Former slaves had no money and very little economic freedom. |
| Scalawags | White Southerners who cooperated with Radical Replicans during reconstruction and were denounced as traitors to their race and region. |
| Carpetbaggers | During reconstruction, Northerners who went South after the Civil War seeking political positions. |
| Ku Klux Klan | An organization of white people formed in the South after the Civil War and revived in the 1920s to maintain white supremacy by supressing minority groups, especially blacks. |
| Sharecropping | An economic system that developed in the South after the Civil War. Farm families made constracts with landowners, agreeing to pay for use of land with a share of the crop. |
| Compromise of 1877 | Solution to dispute over electoral vote in 1876 election. Hayes took office as a Republican & the Democrats were promised that all federal troops would be withdrawn from the South. |
| Government policy toward Native Americans | Racist, disrespectful. made treaties (to gain more land for whites) but kept breaking the promises. Did not get consent from the indians for their land. Forced indians onto reservations (ex. Dawes Act) |
| Arbitration | Method of settling agreements between employers and workers through decision by an impartial person or committee. |
| Closing of the Frontier | The Frontier was officially closed in 1890, as nearly every corner of the contiguous US was settled. The westward movement that had begun in 1607 had ended, marking the beginning of a new era of US history. |
| Xenophobia | The hatred or fear of foreigners |
| Nativism | Prejudice against immigrants/anti-immigration additude |
| "Old" Immigrants | Came before 1880 from western Europe. Lighter skinned, mostly protestant, literate, educated, skilled, more familiar with constitutional government. Overall, more easily assimilated. |
| "New" Immigrants | Came after 1880 from eastern Europe. Darker skinned, mostly Jewish & Roman Cathlic, less literate and less educated, generally unskilled, not used to constitutional government. Generally had more differences and were not as easily assimilated. |
| Suffrage | The right to vote |
| Democracy | government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. |
| Capitalism | an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations. |
| Communism | a system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party. |
| Capital | Amount of money, property, or other resources a company or person must have to carry on a business. |
| Corporation | Business organization owned by many investors rather than a single owner or a small number of partners. |
| Monopoly | The exclusive control of a commodity or service. |
| Trust | A common type of business consolidation in the 1880s and 90s. Trusts could operate as one giant company, control the production and price of commodities, and reduce competition. |
| Mass porduction | The making of goods in large quantities, especially by machinery. |
| Laissez-faire | the theory or system of government that upholds the autonomous character of the economic order, believing that government should intervene as little as possible in the direction of economic affairs. |
| Social Darwinism | Philosopher Herbert Spencer's doctrine that draws from Charles Darwin's biological concepts of survial of the fittest and applies it to the world of business; the strong are preserved and the weak are weeded out. |
| Gospel of Wealth | The belief that those who were rich and successful in business had been chosen by God. |
| Philantropy | concern for human welfare and advancement, usually manifested by donations of money, property, or work to needy persons, by endowment of institutions of learning and hospitals, and by generosity to other socially useful purposes. |
| The Gilded Age | (1870-1900) A time period marked by industrial growth, inventions, & increasing wealth among a portion of society; also marked by ruthless business practice & competition, political corruption, & growing poverty & poor living/work conditions. |
| Credit-Mobilier | 1872 political scandal in which VP Colfax and other republican officials were found to have received shares in the Credit-Mobilier construction companyin return for helping the company avoid investigation. |
| Disfranchisement | Taking away the right to vote or hold office from an individual or a group; enacted in th South in the 1800s and 1900s to deny African Americans their rights through literacy tests and high poll taxes. |
| Tariff | A tax placed on imports to protect domestic products. |
| Knights of Labor | (1869) American labor organization that welcomed all members of producing classes. Fought to end child labor, equal pay for women, 8 hr. work days, safer workplaces, & nationalization of railroads and telegraph lines. |
| American Federation of Labor | (1886) American labor organization led by Samual Gompers; chiefly concerned with issues in the workplace such as wages, hours, & safety. |
| Labor strikes in the 1800s | Mostly unsuccessful, ended by mlitary action. Help me out with this one. |
| Scabs | Party poopers who continued to go to work during strikes. |
| Ararchists | Crazy people who believe in society without any government whatsoever. |
| Blacklist | A list of workers thought to be union organizers or troublemakers; circulation of blacklists among employers made it hard for some to get jobs. |
| Boycott | To abstain from buying or using for a certain cause. |
| Political machine | Political organization composed of politicians and political workers who owed allegience to a political boss. Whew. |
| Settelment houses | neighborhood cmmunities set up to help the needy; in the late 1800s functioned as centers in city slums. Established through the settlement movement's new approach to urban reform. |
| Patronage/the Spoils System | the power to make appointments to government Jobs or to grant other political favors, usually for friends of political leaders. |
| Populists | Members of the People's Party created in 1892 by Farmer's Allience members. Reflected the needs of farmers but also addressed the concerns of other reform groups. |
| Progressivism | A reform movement of the 1800s and 1900s that worked to improve various aspects of Amerian life such as city and state government, conservation, working conditions, poverty, and regulation of certain business practices. |
| Prohibition | (1920-1933) A period in which the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol in the US was prohibited; became law through the 18th ammendment and was repealed through the 21st. |
| Muckrakers | Writers of the Progressive Era who pioneered investigative journalism and exposed political and social corruption. |
| Referendum | Proccess that allows citizens to vote on a proposed law or, through petition, to submit an existing law to a vote |
| Recall | Procedure that allows voters to remove an official from office before his or her term has expired. |
| Appeasement | Giving in or pacify someone to avoid conflict; policy used by Britain and France to avoid conflict with Hitler. At the Munich Conference Britain appeased Hitler by giving him a piece of Czechoslovakia. |
| Trustbusting | Government attemptsto break up monopolies through antitrust suits, especially those carried out by T. Roosevelt against the Northen Securities Company, which the Supreme Court dissolved in 1904. |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1909). Formed by WEB DuBois and others to promote civil rights, equality in job opportunities and education, & an end to segragation. |
| Imperialism | The policy of extending the rule of one country over other countries or colonies, usually for the purpose of controlling raw materials, markets, and military bases. (Remember the 3 M's :D ) |
| "Splendid Little War" | What T. Roosevelt refered to the Spanish-American War as |
| Yellow journalism | An unscrupulous type of journalism that used large, atention-grabbing headlines, dishonest stories, and cartoons to attract readers but contained very little facts. |
| Philippines - Annexation debate | The pro side argued for the benefits of raw materials, military bases, and markets in the Philippines. The anti side viewed the US holding colonies as hypocritical and were concerned for the well-being of the Philippine people. |
| Philippine independence movement | AKA the Philippine Insurrection. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo. The US eventually set up a system under which Filipinos became Philippine citizens, but not US citizens; The island was ruled by a Philippine-elected legislative body and a US-selected gov. [etc.] |
| White Man's Burden | A self-imposed obligation to go into distant lands, to bring the benefits of civilization to other peoples, and to Christianize them. |
| Monroe Doctrine | Policy set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that American continents were not to be considered subjects for future colinization by European nations. In turn, the US would not interfere with Europe's internal affairs. |
| Roosevelt Corallary | (1904) An addition to the Monroe Doctrine by T. Roosevelt stating that the US should take on duties of international police force in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Treaty of Paris (1898) | Spain surrendered all claims in Cuba, ceded Guam and Puerto Rico to the US, and sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million. |
| Platt Ammendment | (1901)attachmenet to the Army Appropriations Bill; Cuban government agreed not to make treaties with foreign powers that may endanger independence, agreed to let US intervene in Cuban affairs to preserve independence and maintain order, etc. |
| Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty | (1903) Treaty between Panama and US giving US complete control of the Canal Zone for a price of $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000; effectively made Panama a protectorate of the US. |
| Panama Canal History | Hay-Paunceforte Treaty permitted the US to build and control canal. A debate took place about whether to build the canal through Panama or Nicaragua: Panama was thinner, but very swampy and difficult. Construction lasted 1904-1914. see pg.400. |
| Lusitania | British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915 with a great loss of both British and American lives. |
| Trench warfare | Defensive strategy used in WWI. Both sides dug many elaborate networks of trenches separated by barbed wire. Almost any man who came out of a trench to approach the enemy was shot immediately. The stalemate lasted 3 years. |
| Propaganda | information or ideas deliberately spread to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc. In WWI propanganda was public in posters such as the "I want YOU" poster of Uncle Sam and songs such as George Cohan's "Over There." |
| Isolationism | Principle or policy of avoiding involvement in foreign affairs. Often used to describe the US diplomatic policy between WWI and WWII. |
| Great Migration | Beginning in 1916, the first mass movement of African American southerners to northern and western cities to escape racial injustice and find employment and better educational opportunities. |
| The Fourteen Points | Outline of President Wilson's concept of what he thought peace settlement should be after WWI, including no secret treaties, freedom of seas, reduction of arms, establishment of a league of nations to ensure political and territorial equality for nations. |
| Treaty of Versailles | (pg. 437) Made Germany take blame for WWI and pay reparations, reduce arns, and give up territory to France and Britain. The Treaty was written in a rush and is believed to have been much to hard on Germany. |
| Flappers | a symbol of the 1920s, typically short-haired, young women who rejected traditional views of femininity by smoking, drinking, swearing, whoring around men, wearing itty bitty skirts and a crap ton of make up. :O |
| Speakeasies | Secret places where alcoholic drinks were sold contrary to prohibition laws. |
| Charleston | A sweet dance craze during the 1920s. Teenagers spent hours learning its difficult steps & rythms, becoming experts at crossing hands & knocking knees. You think you're so cool teaching me how to Dougie? It's nothing compared to the Charleston. Get legit. |
| Harlem Reneissance | a flowerig in the 1920s of artistic creativity by African American writers and artists living in New York City's Harlem; movement spread to other African American population centers by the end of the decade. |
| Lost Generation | A group of disconnected artists during the 1920s, alienated from a society whose values they rejected. Believed that al; dreams of a better society were pointless, & the only possible salvation came from art. |
| Red scare | Beginning in 1919, concern that formation of communist parties in the US might lead to violent, radical change; arrest or deportation of many communists and socialists took place during this period. |
| American Civil Liberties Union | Formed in 1920 to challenge the constitutionality of laws that violated the Bill of Rights. |
| Fundamentalism | Belief that the words of the Bible were inspired by God and should be taken literally and followed exactly; One who holds similar beliefs in any religion; originated about 1920. |
| The Great Depression | A severe economicdowturn on the 1930s, beginning with the stock market crash in 1929. Indicators: high unemployment, business closures + bankrupcies, deflation, mortgage defaults, decline in GNP. |
| Rugged individualism | Direct aid for the needy should come from private charities and local communities, not from the federal government. |
| Hoovervilles | Shantytowns on the outskirts of cities where unemployed poor people lived during the Great Depression. |
| Bonus Army | Unemployed WWI veterans & others marched on Washington DC in 1932 to demand early payment of their veterans' bonuses; Hoover refused to meet their demands and ordered the Army to clear Washington of the marchers, killing 2 veterans in the proccess. |
| The New Deal | Refers to the many relief, recovery, and reform programs that FDR set forward in an attempt to end the Great Depression. |
| The Dust Bowl | The plains of the midwest, especially the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and parts of Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico. During the depression the area was hit by a drought causing crops to fail, livestock to die, rivers to dry up, and dust storms. |
| Agricultural Adjustment Administration | New Deal Agency that encouraged farmers to remove some of their land from cultivation and to raise fewer crops; declared unconstitutional in 1936. |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | New Deal program which hired men between 18 and 25 to replant forests, stock lakes and streams with fish, restore historic battlefields, build parks, and fight forest fires. |
| Workers Progress Administration | Put unemployed people to work building playgrounds, schools, hospitals, bridges, repairing airports and highways; White-collar workers, including artists and poets, found work here. Spent $11 billion on 250,000 projects and employed over 2 million people. |
| Fireside chats | FDR's radio broadcasts to the public informing them about his new programs |
| Brain trust | FDR's cabinet, full of talented, intellegent advisors. |
| Pump priming | FDR's theory that a small amount of government spending would create additional spending in private industry. |
| Congress of Industrial Organizations | Union established by John Lewis in 1938 to create industrial unions principally among the unskilled workers not represented by craft unions. Originally a committee within the AFL, became rivals with the AFL, and then joined forces in 1955. |
| Blitzkrieg | German word for "lighting war." Applied to swift attacks by the German Army in WWII. Hey, ho. Let's go. |
| Genocide | The systematic extermination of a whole cultural or racial group. |
| The Holocaust | The attempted extermination of all Jews in Europe by the Nazis in WWII, resulting in the murder of about 6 million Jews. |
| The Manhattan Project | (1942) US Army-administered scientific and technical program that set up an atomic bomb research center in NewMexico to develop atomic weapons. First atomic device successfully detonatedin 1945. |
| Japanese-American internment camps | (1942) In a paranoid panic Roosevelt established the War Relocation Authority which placed 110,000 Japanese Americans from the west coast in these prison-like camps. Those forced to live in the camp survived on the barest of necessities. |
| Initiative | Allows voters to introduce laws through petitions and to enact laws directly through a popular vote. |
| Atlantic Charter | A statement of war aims that Roosevelt saw as equal to Wilson's 14 points. Affirmed the right of people to choose their own governments and be free from foreign aggression. |
| Yalta Conference | WWII meeting btwn. the US, Britain, and the USSR. decisions were made to divide Germany into 4 zones, allow free postwar elections in eastern Europe and to have the USSR evter war against Japan as soon as Germany was defeated (see definition). |
| Cold War | Rivalry between the US and the USSR that began after WWII; carried on by political, economic, and scientific means rather than direct military action. |
| Containment | US policy toward the USSR in decades after WWII in which the US committed itself to stopping the spread of communism. |
| Marshall Plan | After WWII, a plan created by Secretary of State George Marshall and othersto provide aid for European countries still suffering from the war. |
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