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Bio and Cog Psych
3rd yr psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aphasia | prob. with production and comprehension of spoken word |
| agraphia | prob. with writing words |
| dyslexia | prob with reading written words |
| acalculia | problem with numeric processing |
| auditory agnoisia | problem with recognition of auditory info (behave like deaf people) |
| word sound deafness | problem with comprehension of auditory info |
| word form deafness | problem with speech formation |
| word meaning deafness | prob with assessing semantics |
| central semantic deficit | impaired written and spoken word comprehension |
| peripheral dyslexia | early stages of word recognition affected |
| neglect | don't attend to to left or right side of space (RH, parietal lobe damage) |
| pure alexia/dyslexia | letter by letter reading; lesion in inferior occipital lobe in LH |
| attentional dyslexia | can't recognise same word or letter if its shown with items of the same type |
| visual dyslexia | misidentify a word for one that is visually similar |
| surface dyslexia | regular words read better than irregular words (impairment of lexical route) |
| phonological dyslexia | poor/flawed nonword/new word reading (impaired sub-lexical route |
| deep dyslexia | semantic error in reading aloud |
| capgras delusion | significant others replaced by imposters |
| cotard delusion | believe you are dead |
| fregoli delusion | someone close is following but I don't know it's them as they're wearing a disguise |
| place reduplication | there are 2 or more places with the same name |
| reduplicative paramnesia | duplicated places or significant others |
| reverse intermetamorphosis | believe you are someone else |
| mirrored self misidentification | can't recognise reflection, think it's someone else |
| synaesthesia | sensory activation in one modality causes sensory activation in another |
| apraxia | loss of ability to execute learned purposeful movements despite being physically able |
| ideomotor apraxia | inability to carry out motor command (mime action) |
| ideational apraxia | inability to create plan/idea for specific movement (pick up pen and write name) |
| buccofacial apraxia | inability to carry out facial movements on command |
| limb apraxia | problem w/ fine precise movements |
| limb-kinetic apraxia | inability to make fine, precise movements with a limb |
| verbal apraxia | difficulty planning movements necessary for speech |
| contructional apraxia | inability to draw or construct simple configurations |
| oculomotor apraxia | difficulty moving eyes |
| action disorganisation syndrome | difficulty performing everyday multi-stop task |
| anxiety disorder | dysfunction in brain circuitry that underlies negative emotions; abnormal processing of threat related stimuli |
| second order conditioning | CS paired w/ US may act as US |
| preparedness theory | more biologically prepared to associate fear-relevant stimuli with aversive consequences |
| exposure therapy | repeatedly expose feared object -> gradual reduction of fear |
| exteroceptive context | sights, sounds, smells etc in physical environment |
| interoceptive context | drug state, hormonal state, mood |
| latent inhibition | repeated pre-exposure to CS on its own prior to CS-US |
| renewal | extinction conducted in different context (A) -> CR will reappear in context B |
| occasion setting | context modulates/sets occasion for CS |
| contingency | predictive power of CS in predicting US presence or absence |
| one-trial learning | CS acquired after only one trial |
| overshadowing | 2 CSs presented in compound and paired with US, more salient CS will elicit CR |
| observation | witness pairing of CS and US -> CS-CR in observer |
| instruction | mere instruction of US and CS will produce CRs |
| mental representation | mental imagery of CS or actual CS may elicit CR |
| salient CSs | more potent at developing CRs, more intense -> faster learning |
| reinstatement | presentation of US on its own after extinction |
| spontaneous recovery | extended passage of time after extinction |
| reacquistion | pairings of CS-US after extinction |
| context conditioning | context-CS; more likely for US to occur in context |
| frontal lobes | anterior to BA4 |
| primary motor cortex | BA4, anterior to central sulcus |
| secondary motor cortex | lateral premotor cortex, frontal eyefield, Broca's area(BA44), posterior part of cingulate cortex |
| episodic memory | info stored with tags about context it was acquired |
| Penfield's patient | breakdown in temporal structure of memory; no memory for steps needs to complete tasks |
| source memory | knowledge concerning source/context acquired (frontal damage impairs functioning) |
| working memory and PFc | active maintenance and manipulation of info over brief interval in service to a task; might be a temporary repository; oxygen flow increased here during spatial memory task |
| PFC LH specialisation | non spatial tasks |
| PFC RH specialisation | spatial tasks |
| VLPFC specialisation | maintenance only tasks |
| DLPFC specialisation | maintenance and manipulation tasks |
| A not B task and PFC function | long delay group had more mature pattern of frontal EEG activity |
| Wisconsin card sorting task and PFC | Ps with frontal lobe lesions perseverate (have trouble abadoning one rule and moving to another) |
| deductive reasoning | a form of thinking that draws one conclusion that follows logically from 2 or more premises |
| 2 processes of dual-process model | 1. relies on knowledge and heuristics 2. formal, abstract methods (logical rules) |
| transitive inference | finding a 'aRc' inference from 'aRb' and 'bRc'; increased activation in middle frontal and cingulate |
| Broca's area | BA44, BA45 - LH just anterior to primary motor cortex; devoted to face (tongue and lip movement) - speech production |
| verb deficits | damage to left interior PFC |
| noun deficits | damage to left posterior regions |
| objects vs action | lesions associated with verb deficits -> motor planning noun deficits -> sensory and semantic features of objects |
| concrete vs abstractness | verbs are more abstract and less imaginable nouns have more observable mapping. physically concrete |
| thematic argument structure | verbs need and agent and can also have a theme and recipient -> more complex than nouns |
| selection demand | verb generation has many options, so classification is easier for low selection nouns (Thompson-Schill) - Broca's area accounted for 98% of variance in retrieval errors |
| sentence comprehension | use of semantic and syntactic processing; difficult for those w/ damage to Broca's area |
| sport psychology | study of psychological and mental factors that influence/by sport |
| psychophysiology of sport performance | scientific study of cognitive, emotional and bhral components of sport performance as revealed through the measurement of physiological components |
| ECG | heart rate |
| EEG | activity in frequency regions |
| EDA | Skin conductance |
| EMG | muscle activity |
| perceptual cognition skills | cog methods that enable optimal and strategic processing of task relevnt info |
| Yerkes-Dodson effect | optimal level of performance - increases above will produce performace decreases |
| Catastrophe model | 3-d relationship between performance, arousal and anxiety |
| Obrist's cardiac coupling hypothesis | deceleration in HR -> external focusing (due to metabolic and motor demands) |
| associative focus | on aspects of performance |
| dissociative focus | distraction from performance |
| competition goal | associative; external focus better to be more efficient |
| training goal | dissociative; internal focus better to build strength |
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