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Clep 1950s T & E
Clep 1950 Truman & Eisenhower
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The day Japan surrendered is known as V-J Day which stands for "____." V-E Day marked the end of the war in Europe. | Victory in Japan |
| A ___ is a workplace that requires employees to join the union after being hired. A closed shop is a workplace that does not hire nonunion workers at all. | union shop, closed shop |
| ___-to-work laws do not allow union membership to be a factor in deciding whether or not a person gets or keeps a job. These laws were adopted by many states after the Taft-Hartley Act was passed. | Right |
| Millions of veterans returning at the end of World War II started families, resulting in the ___ where about 76 million children were born. The number of married Americans doubled between 1932 and 1946. | "baby boom," |
| The # of married Am. doubled between 1932 and 1946 and caused the baby boom. This created an enormous demand for housing. William Levitt applied ___techniques to housing cons., and "Levittowns" soon popped up in the suburbs of many cities in the US. | assembly-line |
| William Levitt first introduced mass-produced and inexpensive suburban homes which helped meet the high demand for housing, and resulted in the growth of the ____. | suburbs |
| The growth of the suburbs after World War II resulted in ___people abandoning the cities, and blacks and other minorities being stuck in the inner cities. | white |
| The suburbs grew dramatically after WWII, and many white families left the inner cities to settle in houses in the suburbs. However, these houses were often out of reach for the minorities and many of the housing developments prohibited sales to ___. | minorities |
| In the election of 1948, a group broke off of the Dem. Party to form the States Rights Party, popularly known as the ___. The party consisted of several S.delegations. They left the Democratic Party because of a civil rights plank in the party platform. | Dixiecrats |
| FDR's___ had only limited success with improving the economy. Some historians believe it was significant in that it helped Americans bear the "pain" of the Great Depression. Even today, some New Deal policies survive, for example Social Security. | New Deal |
| ___ called his domestic agenda the "Fair Deal".Some Fair Deal programs which were implemented were an increase in minimum wage, an expansion of Social Security, and funding for ____. Many key elements, however, did not make it through Congress. | Truman, low-income housing |
| Winston Churchill described the situation in Europe as an __separating the free democratic nations of the West from the captive Communist nations of the East. | iron curtain |
| The __ policy was the United States' foreign policy which sought to halt the spread of communism while not striking directly at communist powers. | containment |
| The first test of containment came in 1946, when Communist groups threatened to take over ___ and Turkey; the United States provided foreign aid which resulted in the defeat of the Communists in the two countries. | Greece |
| The policy associated with the containment of Communism was the __ , in which the president pledged American support for "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." | Truman Doctrine |
| The Truman Doctrine was used to justify the $400 million in military and ___aid to Greece and Turkey in 1947 when they were in danger of being taken over by Communists. | economic |
| The United States provided financial aid to Europe--over $13 billion--through the ___ of 1947, in an effort to help in the reconstruction of Western Europe. | Marshall Plan |
| Communist ideas were beginning to spread in many W.European countries as a result of the hardships the people were suffering--by helping to rebuild the economies, Marshall Pkan sought to undermine the Communist influence & provide a __ for American goods. | market |
| The first direct confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States was over the city of ___, when the U.S., France, and Britain began to merge their zones of occupation. | Berlin |
| The U.S., France, and Britain were merging their zones of occupation in Germany to create a unified state. The Soviets blocked all land access to Berlin, & what resulted was the __--a massive operation of planes airlifting . | Berlin Airlift |
| In 1948, the Soviet Union blocked all land and water traffic into Western Berlin. This resulted in the Berlin Airlift, in which the United States avoided violence by ___ . | flying supplies into the city |
| The Berlin Airlift plan was designed to avoid direct confrontation; however, B-29s capable of carrying ___ weapons were sent to Europe as a warning to the USSR. The Soviet Union eventually reopened the routes and W.Berlin was saved from Soviet takeover. | atomic |
| The ___Treaty was signed in April 1949. In this treaty, the United States and eleven European countries agreed that an attack against one of the member countries was the same as an attack on all. | North Atlantic |
| The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1950 to implement the ___ agreement among the member countries by integrating their armed forces. | collective-security |
| NATO was originally formed to include the US, Canada, and 10 European countries. Greece and Turkey later joined in 1952, and West Germany was admitted in 1955. W. Germany's admittance led to the Soviet Union forming the __ Pact. | Warsaw |
| In response to the admittance of West Germany to NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact with ___ other communist countries. | six |
| The Soviet Union and six other communist countries formed the alliance known as the Warsaw Pact, the counterpart to the Western countries' ___. | NATO |
| When the Communist party came to power in 1949 in China, the __ formed the People's Republic of China, and the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan. | Communists |
| The Chinese Nationalists had been fighting the Communists since the 1920s. Despite American financial aid, the Nationalists were overthrown by the Communists, and retreated to the island of ___. | Taiwan |
| The United Nations Security Council was able to call on member states to protect South Korea from aggression from North Korea because the ___ representative was not there to exercise his country's veto power. | Russian |
| Anticommunist hysteria was fueled by events such as the loss of China to communism and the Soviet Union's testing of an ___ bomb in 1949, years sooner than expected. | atomic |
| The Soviet Union's testing of their first atomic bomb in 1949, years earlier than anticipated, led many people in the United States to believe that there were Americans actively working to ___. | aid the communist cause |
| Truman passed Executive Order 9835 in 1947, which created the Federal Employee ___ Program. This program investigated over 3 million gov. employees, and around 200 were dismissed from their jobs. | Loyalty |
| The Internal Security Act of 1950, also known as the McCarran Act, required Communists and Communist organizations to ___ with the attorney general. | register |
| The Internal Security Act of 1950 also prohibited the employment of Communists in defense industries, and was passed over President Truman's ___. | veto |
| The House Committee on Un-American (HUAC) Activities was created in 1938 to examine internal subversion in the US. The felt it their duty to ____ the country of any Communist influences. Hollywood became the best known target of this committee. | purge |
| The Hollywood Ten were a group of writers who refused to ___ to the HUACabout Communist activity. They served jail time and were blacklisted by the film community. | testify |
| Senator Joseph McCarthy's name has become synonymous with the anticommunist crusade of the ___s. He claimed to have a list of Communists working in the State Department, and would accuse government figures of being agents, and would hold hearings. | 1950 |
| Joseph McCarthy was tolerated by the ___ leadership because his targets were Democrats, but eventually he overstepped his bounds and was censured by the Senate in 1954. | Republican |
| Senator Richard Nixon was accused of having a secret political fund received from business supporters which he used for __. This resulted in the Checkers speech. | personal expenses |
| The "___" was delivered by Nixon on television and made a dramatic appeal about how one of the gifts he had received from political supporters was a puppy his daughter had named Checkers, and that he was not giving it back. | Checkers Speech |
| At the time Nixon of the "Checkers Speech" was running as Eisenhower's running mate in the 1952 presidential election. This speech saved the ___ and Eisenhower won the election. | Republicans |
| The Korean and Vietnam Wars were similar in that the United States faced ___ in both wars. | Communist China |
| Americans' fear that Communists and fellow travelers were infiltrating the U.S. government was a direct consequence of allegations of Senator ___. | Joseph McCarthy |
| In the 1950 & 1960 many Puerto Ricans ___ the help offered by federal, state, and local agencies. | accepted |
| Puerto Ricans who spoke no English found it difficult to adapt. Even though Puerto Ricans were American citizens, mainland politicians did not ___ their votes. | court |
| Puerto Ricans were surprised by the ___ they encountered because many had African ancestors. e. Unemployment among Puerto Ricans was higher than it was among non-Latino white workers. | racism |
| The growth of suburbs was fueled by the baby boom, new techniques for mass producing and building homes, construction of ___ and the decay of cities. | new highways |
| The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union was foretold by the ___ policies? | Containment |
| In the 1950s, Dr. Benjamin Spock's work was influential because he convinced parents to exchange traditional child-rearing practices for more __ methods. | permissive |
| Rock-and-roll was influenced mainly by ___. | |
| The Eisenhower administration was most noted for its stability and __. | prosperity |
| Television greatly influenced public opinion on the Army–McCarthy hearings, the Kennedy–Nixon debates, the civil rights marches in Birmingham & the__. | Vietnam War |
| All of the following were leaders of the struggle for African American civil rights EXCEPT a. Martin Luther King, Jr. b. A Philip Randolph. c. Thurgood Marshall. d. Ralph Abernathy. e. Ralph Ellison. | e. Ralph Ellison. |
| Conformity was a characteristic of which of the following decades? a. 1930s b. 1940s c. 1950s d. 1960s e. 1980s | c. 1950s |
| "Happy Days Are Here Again" was a good campaign song for a. Warren G. Harding. b. Franklin Roosevelt. c. Harry Truman. d. John Kennedy. e. Bill Clinton. | b. Franklin Roosevelt. |
| "I have in my hand 57 cases of individuals who would appear to be either card carrying members or certainly loyal to the Communist Party, but who nevertheless are still helping to shape our foreign policy. The speaker was most likely ____. | Joseph McCarthy. |
| De facto segregation in the 1950s in the North resulted from housing ___. | patterns |
| Major ffects of the Cold War that were felt in the US between 1945 and 1960 were blacklisting of Hollywood writers and directors, passage of the National Defense Education Act. , schoolchildren practicing ___ under their desks. | duck and cover |
| "In these circumstances it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies." This policy was first used by ___. | Harry Truman |
| The United States intervened in the various clashes in the Middle East in the 1950s through the 1970s primarily to ensure that the __ supply continued to flow. | oil |
| Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of U.S. society in the 1950s? a. The one-family income as the predominant family pattern b. The sexual revolution c. The youth culture d. The prominence of television as a force in dictating popular culture | b. The sexual revolution |
| Facts about demographic changes in the United States between 1945 and 1960 were 1.The number of blue-collar jobs declined as automation reduced the number of workers needed in manufacturing and white flight from the cities to the ___began in this period. | suburbs |
| Which of the following civil rights organizations was founded in the 1950s? a. Urban League b. Niagara Movement c. SNCC d. CORE e. NAACP | c. SNCC |
| The United States often used the strategy of Brinkmanship in the 1950s--the practice of giving other countries the impression that the United States was willing to go to the brink of war or push a dangerous situation to the ___rather than concede. | limit |
| Brinkmanship included the determination to use ___ weapons if necessary to force a country at war to back down. | nuclear |
| The ____ was the belief that if one country becomes Communist, other nations in the region may follow. | Domino theory |
| The ___Accords, signed in 1954, set a demarcation line at the 17th parallel in Vietnam, with the Viet Minh controlling the north, and the French controlling the south. | Geneva |
| The Geneva Accords of 1954 divided Vietnam into a Communist North and a non-Communist South. The country was supposed to be reunited in 1956 with democratic elections, but the ___ did not support the Accords. | United States |
| In 1954, the year of the Geneva Accords, eight countries formed SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization) , which was modeled on NATO to ___ in South East Asia. | prevent communism |
| In 1953, the CIA staged a coup in Iran, re-installing the shah to power. The next year, it engineered a coup in Guatemala to __ the government of President Jacobo Arbenz. | overthrow |
| In 1954, the CIA engineered a coup to remove Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala, who was threatening to carry out land reforms against the interests of produce giant __ Company. The USs' role was well known and spurred anti-Am. demonstrations in Latin America. | United Fruit |
| ___ meetings between the leaders of the countries known as summit conferences were what Eisenhower believed to be the most effective way to improve relations. The first summit conference was in Geneva in 1955. | Face-to-face |
| President Eisenhower wanted to improve Soviet-American relations through meetings known as ___ Conferences. | Summit |
| The first summit conference was between the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France in Geneva in 1955 and resulted in the "Spirit of __," with less tension between the countries. | Geneva |
| However, incidents such as the USSR's launching of the satellite Sputnik in 1957, which showed that the Soviet Union could launch long-range nuclear ____, renewed the tensions. | missiles |
| The Sputnik was launched in 1957. Not only was it the first ___, but it meant that the Soviet Union could launch long-range nuclear missiles against the United States. | satellite |
| The National ____ Act of 1958 provided federal funding to stimulate the advancement of education in science, mathematics, and modern foreign languages. | Defense Education |
| The National Defense Education Act was passed shortly after the Soviets launched the first satellite. The United States did not want to lose in the "___," and wanted to stimulate education to speed up America's research and development. | space race |
| A 1960 summit conference in Paris failed when the Soviet Union revealed that an American spy plane known as the ___ was shot down over the USSR photographing missile sites. | U-2 |
| U-2 spy planes had been operating over the Soviet Union for four years before one of them was shot down and the pilot ___. | captured |
| President ___ warned of the dangers of "unwarranted influence" on American policy exerted by the military-industrial complex. | Eisenhower |
| The ___complex was a phrase coined by Eisenhower which refers to the link between private corporations and government, the military and the industries which profit from military contracts, and the power this reciprocal relationship has on U.S. policy. | military-industrial |
| What was irrational about the Truman Doctrine? | Some of the non-Communist governments supported were headed by brutal military dictators. |
| During the Korean War, the leader of the American forces, General Douglas MacArthur threatened to defy President ___ and was relieved of command. | Truman |
| MacArthur issued an unauthorized statement containing a ___ to expand the war into China, and continued to support expansion of the war. Truman decided to replace him with a commander who would act in accordance with the administration's foreign policy. | veiled threat |
| During the Korean War, General MacArthur's forces were pushing forward into ___ until the Chinese intervened, and forced a retreat to the south. | North Korea |
| Chinese Communists joined with the North Koreans and launched a___ on the UN forces, which were 90 percent American, and pushed them south. | counterattack |
| Truce talks between North and South Korea began in July 1951, but it wasn't until July 1953 that a truce was finally signed, setting the truce line slightly north of the ___ parallel. | 38th |
| In 1948, Korea was split into two countries--a Communist-run __, and a U.S.-supported South. | North |
| Korea had been occupied by the Soviet Union and the United States since the end of World War II. In 1948, it was split into North and South Korea, and two years later, the___invaded South Korea, resulting in the Korean War. | North Korean army |
| Eisenhower's promise to go to Korea if elected and bring an end to the Korean War was a ___ in getting him elected. | powerful slogan |
| President Truman became very unpopular due to the Korean War, which had been dragging on for over two years. , ____ a war hero of World War II, used this in his campaign by saying that he would personally go to Korea and bring an end to the war. | Dwight Eisenhower |
| ____ retaliation was the policy in which any attack by the Soviets on the United States or its allies would be met with nuclear force. | Massive |
| This policy was known as massive retaliation--the United States had a much larger __ arsenal than the Soviet Union, and stated its readiness to use it to stop aggression. | nuclear |
| It was Eisenhower's threat of a nuclear strike that finally broke the deadlock in the ___truce talks and led to a truce in July 1953. | Korean |
| Eisenhower made statements about the possibility of using nuclear weapons in Korea if a ceasefire was not arranged. This willingness to use nuclear weapons played a big part in _ the conflict in Korea. | resolving |
| Unde Eisenhower, Am. foreign policy towards the Middle East was simply to limit Communist influence, and to keep the oil supply open to the United States. In line with this policy, the CIA staged a coup in ___ to re-install a pro-Western ruler to power. | Iran |
| In response Egypt and Soviet Union friendship the U.S. decided to withdraw funds, Egypt ___ the Suez Canal. (nationalizing means taking funds from any nation interested in giving support, could be communist) | nationalized |
| The Suez Crisis was a situation where Israel, France, and Britain engaged in a military intervention to attempt to prevent Egypt's leader General Nasser from nationalizing the ___. | Suez Canal |
| The Suez Crisis strengthened the Soviet Union's position in the Middle East. In response to this, the United States announced a policy known as the____ , which stated that the U.S. would use military force if necessary to resist communist aggression. | Eisenhower Doctrine |
| The Eisenhower Doctrine was a direct consequence of Soviet activity in the __. | Middle East |
| "If this was allowed to go unchallenged, it would mean a third world war, just as similar incidents had brought on the second world war." The "this" that President Truman is referring to is the North Korean invasion of _____. | Korea. |
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wendyk44
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