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A&P Ch 16 Kuntzman
The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the protective structures of the spinal cord? | Boney Vertebrae, Meninges, and Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| Surround the spinal cord | Spinal meninges |
| Encircle the brain | Cranial meninges |
| Composed of dense, irregular connective tissue and forms a sac from the level of the foramen magnum in the occipital bone to the second sacral vertebra | Dura Mater |
| A cushion of fat and connective tissue that protects the spinal cord | Epidural space |
| Where is the epidural space located? | Between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal |
| Spiderweb arrangement of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers | Arachnoid mater |
| What is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater? | Subdural space |
| What does the subdural space contain? | Interstitial fluid |
| The innermost meninx made of a thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain. | Pia mater |
| What is between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid? | Subarachnoid space |
| Triangular-shaped membranous extensions of pia mater | Denticulate ligaments |
| How far does the spinal cord extend? | From the medulla oblongata, the inferior part of the brain, to the inferior border of the first lumbar vertebra (L1) |
| Where is the cervical enlargement located? | Extends from the fourth cervical vertebra (C4) to the first thoracic vertebra (T1). |
| Where is the lumbar enlargement located? | Extends from the ninth to the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T9 - T12) |
| What is conus medullaris and where is it? | Inferior the the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord terminates as a tapering, conical structure which ends at the level of the intervertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebra. |
| Arising from the conus medullaris is the ... | Filum terminale |
| An extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx | Filum terminale |
| Roots of spinal nerves angling inferiorly in the vertebral cavity from the end of the spinal cord like wisps of hair | Cauda equina |
| A deep, wide groove on the anterior (ventral) side of the spinal cord | Anterior median fissure |
| Shallow, narrow groove on the posterior (dorsal side of the spinal cord | Posterior medium sulcus |
| Consists of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia | Gray matter |
| Consists primarily of bundles of myelinated axons of neurons | White matter |
| Forms the crossbar of the H in gray matter | Gray commissure |
| Connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord | White commissure |
| This is in the center of the gray commissure and xtends the entire length of the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid | Central canal |
| In gray matter, these are clusters of neuronal cell bodies that form functional groups | Nuclei |
| Receive input from sensory receptors via sensory neurons | Sensory nuclei |
| Provide output to effector tissues via motor neurons | Motor nuclei |
| The gray matter on each side of the spinal cord is subdivided into regions called... | horns |
| These horns contain somatic motor nuclei and provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles | Anterior (ventral) gray horns |
| These horns contain somatic and autonomic sensory nuclei | Posterior (dorsal) gray horns |
| These horns are present only in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral segments of the spinal cord and contain autonomic motor nuclei that regulate the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands | Lateral gray horns |
| The anterior and posterior gray horns divide the white matter on each side into three broad areas called... | Anterior (ventral) white columns, posterior (dorsal) white column, and lateral white columns |
| Bundles of axons in the CNS which may extend long distances up or down the spinal cord | Tracts |
| Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system | Nerves |
| Conduct nerve impulses toward the brain | Sensory (ascending) tracts |
| Consists of axons that carry nerve impulses from the brain | Motor (descending) tracts |
| The paths of communication between the spinal cord and the nerves supplying specific regions of the body and are part of the PNS | Spinal nerves |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| How many pairs of cervical nerves are there? | 8 |
| How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there? | 12 |
| How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there? | 5 |
| How many pairs of sacral nerves are there? | 5 |
| How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there? | 1 |
| Two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord | Roots |
| Root that contains only sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the CNS | Posterior (dorsal) root |
| Cell bodies of sensory neurons are found here | Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion |
| Contains axons of motor neurons, which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands. | Anterior (ventral) root |
| The most common cause of spinal nerve root damage | herniated intervertebral disc |
| Causes of spinal nerve damage | herniated intervertebral disc, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, cancer, and trauma |
| Symptoms of spinal nerve root damage | pain, muscle weakness, loss of feeling |
| Name some treatments for spinal nerve root damage | Rest, massage, medication, and epidural injections, surgery |
| Individual axons within a nerve are wrapped with this | endoneurium |
| Groups of axons with their endonerium are arranged in bundles called | fascicles |
| Each fascicle is wrapped with this | perineurium |
| The outermost covering over the entire nerve | epineurium |
| Spinal nerves divided into several branches are called | Rami |
| Serves the deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk | Posterior (dorsal) ramus |
| Serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk | Anterior (ventral) ramus |
| Branch that reenters the vertebral cavity through the intervertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges | Meningeal branch |
| Other branches of a spinal nerve | Rami Communicantes |
| Another name for plexus | Network |
| Name the plexi | Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, & coccygeal |
| The anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 are not part of the plexi and are know as... | Intercostal (thoracic) nerves |
| The anterior ramus of nerves T2 innervates the intercostal muscles of the second intercostal space and supplies the ... | Skin of the axilla and posteromedial aspect of the arm |
| Nerves T3-T6 extend along the ... | costal grooves of the ribs and then to the intercostal muscles and skin of the anterior and lateral chest wall |
| Nerves T7-T12 supply the ... | intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, and the overlying skin |
| The posterior rami of the intercostal nerves supply the ... | deep back muscles and skin of the posterior aspect of the thorax |
| The roots (ventral rami) of spinal nerves C5-C8 and T1 form the | Brachial Plexus |
| Name five important nerves that arise from the brachial plexus | Axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median, and ulnar |
| Compression of the brachial plexus on one or more of its nerves is sometimes known as | Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
| Name the subunits of the brachial plexus | Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches |
| The roots (ventral rami) of spinal nerves L1-L4 form the | Lumbar plexus |
| The lumber plexus supplies the... | anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs |
| The roots (ventral rami) of spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S4 form the | Sacral plexus |
| The sacral plexus supplies the ... | buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs |
| The roots (ventral rami) of spinal nerves S4-S5 and the coccygeal nerves form a small... | Coccygeal plexus which supplies a small area of skin in the coccygeal region. |
| This cranial nerves serves most of the skin of the face and scalp | Trigeminal |
| The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal nerve | Dermatone |
| What are the two spinal cord functions that maintain homeostasis? | Nerve impulse propagation and integration of information |
| What are the highways for nerve impulse propagation? | White matter tracts |
| This receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information | Gray matter of spinal cord |
| Relay information from the somatic sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex and to the cerebellum | Somatic sensory pathways |
| Conduct impulses from somatic receptors into the brain stem or spinal cord. | First-order neurons |
| conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus | Second-order neurons |
| Conduct impulses fromt he thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side | Third-order neurons |
| Proprioceptors in skeletal muscles that monitor changes in the length of skeletal muscles and participate in stretch reflexes. | Muscle Spindles |
| By adjusting how vigorously a muscle spindle responds to stretching of a skeletal muscle, the brain ...... | sets an overall level of muscle tone |
| Each muscle spindle consists of several slowly adapting sensory nerve endings that wrap around 3 to 10 specialized muscle fibers called | intrafusal fibers |
| Main function of muscle spindles | measure muscle length |
Created by:
khawkin
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