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Biology
Biology class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1Where does the Calvin cycle take place? | stroma of the chloroplast |
| 1The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because | this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm |
| 1Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and hetertrophs? | Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nouris themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are organic |
| 1Chloroplasts of plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energystored in sugar and other organic molecules. This process is called | Photosynthesis |
| 1A large number of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules | proteins |
| 1Which type of organelle is primarly involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| 1Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? | mitochondrion |
| 1Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy? | Chlorplasts |
| 1Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells? | Mitochondrion |
| 1Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? | vacuole or vacuole central |
| 1What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? | catabolic pathways |
| 1Where does glycolysis take place? | cytosol |
| 1Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen(O2) is present? | glycolysis |
| 1Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? | phospholipids and protiens |
| 1The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires | an energy source such as ATP or a proton gradient |
| 1Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? | catabolism |
| 1Which of the following is(are) true for anabolic pathways? | They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers |
| 1Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? | Energy cannont be created or destroyed |
| 1Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as ___________ is to __________. | exergonic;endergonic |
| 1Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? | Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction |
| 1Which of the following is considered an open system? | An organism |
| 3The centromere is a region in which _________. | chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase. |
| 3What is a chromatid? | A replicate chromosome |
| 3Which is the longest of the mitotic stages? | metaphase |
| 3Which term describes centromeres uncoupling, sister chromatids separating, and the two new chromosomes moving to opposite poles of the cell? | anaphase |
| 3Chromosomes first become visible during which phase of mitosis? | Prophase |
| 3The somatic cells derived from a single-celled zygote divide by which process? | mitosis |
| 3Which of the following is true concerning cancer cells? | They do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture;When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle;They are not subject to cell cycle controls |
| 3When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red-and white-eyed flies. Remarkabley, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? | The gene involved is on the X chromosome. |
| 3A man with Klinefelter syndrom(47,XXY) is expected to have any of the followin EXCEPT | increased testosterone |
| 3A woman is found to have 47 chromosomes, including 3 X chromosomes. Which of the following describes her expected phenotype? | Normal female |
| 3Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because | males are hemizygous for the X chromosome |
| 3A Barr body is normally found in the nucleus of which kind of human cell? | Stomatic cells of a female only |
| 3A cell that has 2n + 1 chromosomes is | trisomic |
| 3The frequency of Down syndrom in the human population is most closely correlated with which of the following | Age of the mother |
| 3Pea plants were particularly well suited for the use of Mendel's breeding experiments for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that | peas have an unusually long generation time |
| 3What is the difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross? | A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid only one |
| 3A cross between homozygous purple-flowered and homozygous white-flowerd pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates | dominance |
| 3The F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always looked like one of the two parental varities because | one phenotype was completely dominant over another |
| 3What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants? | traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending" |
| 3When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? | 50% |
| 3A woman has six sons. The chance that her next child will be a daughter is | 1/2 |
| 3What is a genome? | The complete complement of an organism's genes |
| 3A cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically different | The statement is true for meiosis I only |
| 3Homologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over occurs | The statement is true for meiosis I only. |
| 3Chromatids are separated from each other | The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II |
| 3Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs | the statement is true for meiosis I only |
| 3Chiasmata are what we see under a microscope that let us know which of the following is occurring? | Crossing over |
| 3Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis? | Synapsis of chromosomes |
| 3A karyotype results from which of the following? | The ordering of human chromosome images |
| 3A gene's location along a chromosome is known as which of the following? | Locus |
| 4The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group? | ATP,RNA, and DNA |
| 4A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is | 3' UCA 5' |
| 4A possible sequence of nucleotides in the teplate strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-lue-lie-val would be | 3'AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5' |
| 4What amino acid sequence will be generated based on the following mRNA codon sequence? | met-ser-ser-lue-ser-lue |
| 4Which of the following is not true of a codon? | it extends from one end ofa tRNA molecule |
| 4The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is | complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon |
| 4Which of the following is not true of RNA processing? | Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus |
| 4Using Figure 17.5, identify a 5'3'sequence of nucleotides in the DNA template strand for an mRNA coding for the polypeptide sequence Phe-Ori-Lys | 5'-CTTCGGGAA-3' |
| 4Which of the following mutations would be most likely to have a harmful effect on an organism? | a single nucleotide insertion downstream of, and close to, the start of the coding sequence |
| 4Which component is not directly involved in translation | DNA |
| 4Genetically engineered plants | include a transgenic rice plant that can help prevent vitamin A deficiency |
| 4Which of the following is one of the technical reasons why gene therapy is problematic? | Transferred genes may not have appropriately controlled activity |
| 4Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuview's attempt to explain the existence of | the fossil record |
| 4What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? | Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging |
| 4During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result" misconception? | characteristics acquired durig an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes |
| 4Which group is composed entirely of individuals who maintained that species are fixed(unchanging) | Aristotle,Linnaeus, and Cuvier |
| 4Charles Darwin was the first person to propose | a Mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence |
| 4In Darwin's thinking, the more closely related two different organisms are the | more recently they shared a common ancestor |
| 4The theory of evolution is most accurately described as | an overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change over time |
| 4In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Sources of variation for evolution include all to the following except | recombination at fertilization |
| 4A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of | a cline |
| 4Which is a true statement concerning genetic variation? | It is created by the direct action of natural selection |
| 4In a Hardy=Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilbrium, the frequence of the allel a is 0.4. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? | 16 |
| 4In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilbrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele? | 18 |
| 4In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype? | 0.32 |
| 4No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The chief cause of genetic variation amoung human individuals is | the reshuffling of alleles in sexual reproduction |
| 4Dog breeders maintainthepurity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when thy are fertile. This kind of isolatin is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? | Habitat isolation |
| 4Theoretically, the production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses and mal donkeys should | strengthen postzygotic barriers between horses and donkeys |
| 4The biological species concept is inadequate for grouping | asexual organisms |
| 4A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is | geographic isolation |
| 4Which of the following statements about speciation is correct | Speciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution |
| 4Why does the DNA double helix have a uniform diameter | Purines pair with pyrimidines |
| 4What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix | hydrogen |
| 4It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following? | sequence of bases |
| 5Why are viruses referred to as parasites? | They cannot reproduce outside of a host cell |
| 5Which of the following molecules make up the viral envelope? | Glycoproteins |
| 5Most human-infecting viruses are maintained in the human population only. However, a zoonosis is a disease that is transmitted from other vertibrates to humans, without requiring viral mutation. Which of the following is the best example of a zoonosis | rabies |
| 5Which of the following accounts for someone who has had a herpesvirus-medicated cold sore or genital sore getting flare-ups for the rest of life? | Copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei |
| 5RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because | host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome |
| 5Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses? | Genetic material composted of nucleic acid |
| 5Emerging viruses arise by | all of the above mutation of existing viruses;the spread of existing viruses to new host species;The spread of existing viruses more widely within their host species |
| 5To cause a human pandemic, the H5N1 avian flu virus would have to | become capable of human-to-human transmission |
| 5Which gas was least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere, prior to 2 billion years ago? | O2 |
| 5In their laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of | Amino acids |
| 5Which of the factors below weaken the hypothesis of abiotic synthesis of organic monomers in early Earth's atmoshpere? | 1 and 3;The relatively short time between intense meteor bombardment and apperance of the first life forms;Uncertainty about |
| 5Approximately how far back in time does the fossel record extend? | 3,500,000,000 years |
| 5Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception. | genetic drift |
| 5A genetic change that caused a certain HOX gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped to make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of | a change in developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts. |
| 5Which of these illustrates the correct representation of the binomial scientific name for African lion? | Pantera leo |
| 5A phylogenetic tree that is "rooted" is one | at whose base is located the common ancestor of all taxa depicted on that tree |
| 5The correct sequence, from the most to the least comprehensive, of the taxonomic levels listed here is | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species |
| 5The common housefly belongs to all of the following taxa. Assuming you had access to textbooks or other scientific literature, knowing which of the following should provide you with most specific information about the common housefly? | genus Musca |
| 5Which is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell | plasma membrane |
| 5Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false? | Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions |
| 5Which of these is the most common compound in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria? | peptidoglycan |
| 5Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, so which prodaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition fy penicillin? | gram-positive bacteria |
| 5Protists are alike in that all are | Eukaryotic |
| 5Which group is incorrectly paired with its description? | red algae -- acquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis |
| 5Based on the phylogenetic tree in fig 28.3 in the text, which of the following statements is correct? | The most basal(first to diverge) eukaryotic supergroup cannont be determined. |
| 5Which protists are the same eukaryotic "supergroup" as land plants? A and C are both correct Green algae and red algae | |
| 5In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with | multicellular diploid forms |
| 5The most recent common ancestor of all land plants was probably similar to modern-day members of which group? | chrophytes |
| 5The structural integrity of bacterial is the peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to | sporopollenin |
| 5Which kind of plant tissue should lack phragmoplasts? | tissues performing nuclear division without intervening cytokineses |
| 5The following are common to bath charophytes and land plants except | lignin |
| 5A number of characteristics are very similar between chrophytes and members of the kingdom Platae. Of the following, which characteristic does not provide evidence for a close evolutionary relationship between these two groups | Alternation of generations |
| 5Where in an angiosperm woud you find a megasporangium | within an ovule contained within an ovary of a flower |
| 5A fruit is most commonly | A mature ovary |
| 5With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count? | megaspore-2n |
| 5Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants? | Alternation of generation |
| 5Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except | Ovaries |
| 5Which of the following do all fungi have in common? | absorption of nutrients |
| 5The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated(have a amine group attached) molecules of beta-glucose? | A and C only insect exoskeleton and fungal cell walls |
| 5If all fungi in an enviroment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? | Prokaryotes |
| 5When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear with the food source soon thereafter? | fungal enzymes |
| 5which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi(Fungi featureing hyphae) | They are adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources |
| 5Which of the following is chared characteristic of all chordates | dorsal, hollow nerve cords |
| 5What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? | Post-anal tail |
| 5Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development? | A,B,and C a dorsal, hollow nerve cord;pharyngel clefts;post-anal tail |
| 5Chordate phryngel slits appear to have functioned first as | Suspension-feeding devices |
| 5Which of the following statements would be least acceptable to most zoologists? | The extant cephalochordates are the immediate ancestors of the fishes. |
| Biology is | The scientific study of life |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of | Epitasis |
| Which of the folowing is NOT classified as a Domain | Domain Prokarya |
| All the organisms on our campus make up a | Community |
| All organisms are composted of | matter |
| When I combine the elements sodium(Na) with Chlorine(Cl) my product is sodium chloride. Sodium Chloride is called a | Compound |
| What is the charge of an electron, proton, and neutron(in that order) | Negative, Positive, Nuetral |
| What subatomic particles can be found in the nucleus? | None of the Above |
| Which is NOT an abundant element in living organisms | Helium |
| These are found on the periodic table as substances that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions | Elements |
| A hypothesis is | all of the above or An educated quess;A tentative, unproven explanation for a phenomenon;testable |
| The word science is derived from Latin and means | To know |
| A water molecule is | Polar covalent compound |
| Which is NOT one of water's properties that facilitate an enviroment for life? | Versatile as a solute |
| Cohesion is | When a hydrogen bond holds water molecules together |
| Kinetic Energy is | Energy of Motion |
| Acidic solutions have a pH value | less then 7 |
| Basic solutions have a pH value | greater then 7 |
| Organic chemistry is the study of | Carbon and its compounds |
| How many bonds can Carbon make | 4 |
| Hydrocarbons contain | Carbon and hydrogen |
| All living things are made up of large biological molecules an example of one of those large biological molecules would be | All of the above Carbohydrates;Lipids;Nucleic Acids |
| The most common monosaccharide is C6 H12 O6 or C8 H16? | C6 H12 06 |
| A disaccharide is formed when | A dehydration reation joins two monosaccharides |
| The major function of adipose cells are/is | Both A&B Cushion organs and energy storeage |
| Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize | Hydrogen bonds |
| Research indicates that Albuerol, a drug for bronchial muscles consists only of one enantiomer, the R-Form. Why should this drug consist of only one enantiomer form | Different enantiomers may have different or opposite physiological effects |
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