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Myology 1
Lecture 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomical postition | reference point when analyzing movement of body's segments,position which a person is standing upright,eyes looking straight ahead,arms at sides with the palms facing fwd, and the feep approximately 4 inches apart at the heels with the toes pointing fwd. |
| planes of movement | anatomical position, three cardinal planes are defined, saggital, frontal/coronal, horizonta/transverse, bisect at right angles of each other |
| axis | movement occurs around imaginary axes |
| sagittal plane | vertical plane that passes thru the body form front to back, dividing the body into left and right parts, motions of flexion and extension, medial lateral axes runs one side of body to the other, |
| medial lateral axis | runs one side of body to the other, sagittal plane |
| frontal/coronal plane | vertical plane that passes the body from one side to the other side into front and back halves(ant and post portion), abd/add, axis-ant post axes |
| anterior posterior axis | perpendicular to the frontal plane and proceeds from the front of the body to the back |
| transverse plane | horizontal plane passes thru body,dividing it into upper and lower halves, rotation, vertical axis |
| vertical axis | perpendicular to transverse plane and runs vertically up and down |
| anatomical directions and positions | specific terms to describe location, direction,and position of the body structures,ant(ventral), post(dorsal), med, lat, superior, inferior, cranial(cephalic), caudal, internal, external, superficial,deep,proximal,distal,palmar,plantar,volar,prone,supine |
| anterior | ventral, front |
| posterior | dorsal, back |
| medial | closer to midline |
| lateral | further from midline |
| superior | closer to head |
| inferior | closer to feet |
| cranial | cephalic, head |
| caudal | downward toward tail |
| internal | inside |
| external | outside |
| superficial | closer to bodies surface |
| deep | deeper to body |
| proximal | structure closer to limbs origin or trunk |
| distal | away from trunk |
| palmar | anterior surface or inside of hand |
| plantar | sole of foot |
| volar | palm or plantar surf of foot |
| prone | lying face down |
| supine | lying face up |
| joint movements | occurs at joints, where bone articulate, standardized by using the anatomical position as the starting position |
| flexion | movements that bend a joint or brings the bones closer together, angle dec, ant for head and neck, trunk, UE and hip, post direction for knee, ankle and toes |
| extension | movement straightens or opens a joint |
| hyper extension | continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position, also describes excessive or unnatural movement or position in teh direction of extension |
| abduction | lateral movement of a body part away form midline |
| adduction | brings body part medially toward midline |
| external or lateral rotation | ER, transverse plane, the ant surface of the limb segment is turned away from midline |
| Internal or medial rotation | transverse plane, IR, ant surf of limb segment is turned towards midline of the body |
| circumduction | combo of extension, adduction, flexion, and abduction, cone shaped movement |
| rotation | axial skeleton(head and vertebral skeleton), pivoting of body part around axis, transverse plane |
| lateral flexion | side bending, at axial skeleton(vertebral column, head or trunk bends laterally to side |
| elevation | movement is superior or upward direction |
| depression | movement in an inferior or downward direction |
| protraction | movement that occurs in a horizontal plane, anteriorly |
| retraction | movement that occurs posteriorly in a horizontal plane |
| Protraction/Retraction of Scapula | abd/add |
| upward rotation | inferior angle of the scapula rotates up and away from the vertebral column |
| horizontal abduction | movement in a lateral and posterior direction, arm moves in vertical axis |
| downward rotation | return to resting position |
| horizontal adduction | movement in medial and anterior direction, arm moves in vertical axis |
| deviation | wrist:ulnar and radial |
| ulnar deviation | adduction of wrist |
| radial deviation | abduction of wrist, thumb side |
| opposition | movement at thumb when the thumb pad crosses the palm toward the other fingers |
| dorsiflexion | ankle motion where the upper surf of foot approaches the ant surf of the lower leg |
| plantarflexion | ankle motion whre the upper surf of the foot moves away from the ant surf of the lower leg |
| inversion | turn foot so toes move inward |
| eversion | turn foot so toes move outward |
| supination | forearm-places palm up, foot-arch of foot raised |
| pronation | forearm-places palm down, radius moves around ulna, foot-arch becomes lowered, slight raising of lat border of foot, flat foot |
| pelvic tilt | inclination, ant, post, lateral |
| anterior pelvic tilt | tilt forward, lower back arches, asis moves downward/forward |
| posterior pelvic tilt | lose natural curve, tilt backwards, asis up and backward |
| lateral pelvic tilt | crest of ilium higher on one side then the other, spine compensates by side bending in other direction |
| shoulder | flex/ext, abd/add, IR/ER, GHjt, SCjt, ACjt |
| GHjt | head of humerus and glenoid fosssa of the scap |
| SCjt | clavicle and manubrium of sternum |
| ACjt | clavicle and acromion of the scap |
| Elbow | flex/ext, HUjt, HRjt |
| humeroulnar joint | trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna |
| humeroradial jt | capitulum of humerus and head of radius |
| Forearm | pronation/supination, superior RUjt, Inferior RUjt |
| Superior radioulnar jt | radius and ulna |
| inferior radioulnar jt | radius and ulna |
| wrist | flex/ext, radial/ulnar deviation, RCjt, MCjt |
| Radiocarpal jt | radius and proximal carpals(scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrium), ulna not considered part fo teh RCjt |
| Midcarpal jt | Proximal and distal carpal bones, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrium/trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate |
| Hand | CMCjt, MCPjt, IPjt |
| Carpometacarpal jt | articulations are btw the distal carpal row and bases of the 2nd-5th metacarpals, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate, 1st CMC |
| 1st CMC | trapezium and base of the 1st metacarpal:flex/ext and abd/add, thumb |
| metacarpophalangeal jt | flex/ext, abd/add, Metacarpal head and base of proximal phalanx |
| interphalangeal jt | flex/ext, head of the phalanx and base of phalanx distal to it, DIP, PIP, thumb has one and fingers have 2 |
| Hip | Coxafemoral jt, flex/ext, adb/add, IR/ER, head of the femur and acetabulum (hip socket |
| Knee | flex/ext, IR/ER, TFjt, PFjt, Proximal TFjt |
| Ankle | TCjt, STjt |
| Tibiofemoral jt | femoral condyles and tibial condyles or plateaus |
| patellofemoral jt | patella and intercondylar groove of the femur |
| proximal tibiofibular jt | head of the fibula and the posterolateral aspect of the tibia, more to do with flexion of the ankle |
| talocrural jt | DF/PF, talus and distal tibia and talus and distal fibula |
| subtalar jt | supination and pronation, talus and calcaneous, raising and lowering of arch |
| Obliqu plane | any plane on an angle |
| synarthroses | immovable joints, 3 types:sutures,gomphosis,synchonrosis |
| sutures | fibrous jt composed of a think layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that unite bones of the skull |
| gomphosis | type of jt in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket. teeth and alveolar sockets |
| synchonrosis | a cartilaginous jt in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage. growth plate of bone |
| amphiarthrosis | slightly movable jts, 2 types:syndesmosis and symphysis |
| syndesmosis | fibrous jt with more fibrous connective tissue than there is in a suture, therefore allowing more flexibility. distal jt between tib and fib |
| symphysis | connecting material is a broad,flat disc of fibrocartilage. IVD (intervertebral disc) btw vertebrae and the symphysis pubis btw the pubic bones of the pelvis |
| diarthrosis | freely movable jts (synovial jts)contain fluid filled cavity btw the jt surfaces. These surfaces are shaped so as to fit together but also allow movement.named based on shape of jt. 6 types:ball and socket,hinge,gliding,ellipsoidal,saddle, pivot |
| 3 types of jts | synarthroses(3), amphiarthrosis(2),diarthrosis(6) |
| ball and socket | one surface is spherical and the other is cup shaped. this allows movement in all directions. hip and sh jts |
| hinge jt | the convex surface of one bone fits against the concave surface of another bone in a clasping arrangement. movement is in one plane of flex and ext.elbow,knee,DIP,PIP and ankle |
| gliding jt | both surfaces are essentially flat and movement is limited. intercarpal jts,intertarsal jts,rib vertebral jt,ACjt |
| ellipsoidal | oval shape of bone fits into an elliptical cavity of the otehr. movement in two planes which is flex/ext and abd/add. radio carpal jt |
| saddle jt | both surfaces are saddle shaped. movement is in two planes flex/ext and abd/add. CMCjt of thumb |
| pivot jt | a pointed or rounded surface of one bone fits into a ring like structure of another bone. Rotation is the chief movement. AAjt (atlanto-axial) |
| Tendon | mm to bone |
| Ligament | bone to bone |
| How mm produce movement | exerting force on tendons, which in turn pull on bones or other structures such as skin. mm cross 1 (some 2) jts and attach to articulating bone.mm contracts draws one articulating bone to other, two articulating bones do not move equally |
| origin | attachment of mm tendon to the stationary base. usually prox in the limbs |
| insertion | attachment of the other mm tendon to the moveable bone, distal in limbs |
| belly | fleshy portion of the mm btw the two tendons of the origin and insertion, mid point highest contration |
| Lever | a rigid rod that moves about on some fixed point(bones).acted upon at two different points by two different forces. used to modify direction,force,motion used in moving or lifting objects too heavy or awkward to move unassisted. |
| resistance | the force that opposes movement=weight of a body part to be moved |
| effort | the force exerted to achieve an action(mm contraction) |
| fulcrum | axis,fixed point that a lever moves around.motion is achieved when the effort exceeds the resistance(joints) |
| 3 Classes of Levers | Class 1=Fulcrum in center. Class 2=ERF wheelbarrow, Class 3 FER tweezer |
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mloft
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