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HUM1b midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Judaism at the start of the common era part one | - Jewish temples destroyed by the babylonian empires - Persians take over and allow jews to rebuild temple/reform -alexandrian empire spreads greek there -ptolemy rulers tolerate judaism -seleucids do not. temple desecrated |
| Judaism at the start of the common era part two | -maccabean revold overthrows seleucids. (hanukkah) |
| Roman religions at the start of the common era | mystery cults, mithraism, cult of the emperor |
| mystery religions | - Eleusinian mysteries - demeter and persephone mythology - dionysian mysteries |
| Mithraism was popular with the... | roman army |
| Cult of the emperor began... | after death of julius caesar, Augustus |
| Features of the Christian Scriptures (new testament) | Written in Greek, assembled over time, like a library: biography, history, letters, sermons, apocalypses, catechism, church-order manual. No writings from the time of Jesus |
| Parts of the Christian Scriptures (new testament) | - Gospels (4 total - Matthew, Mark, Luke, John) - Epistles (letters) - Acts |
| The Jesus Movement | - first followers considered themselves devout jews - paul = pharisee - movement breaks away from jewish roots after 70 CE - rome becomes more hospitable while jerusalem becomes less hospitable |
| Plato Vs Augustine | Good = God Forms = Ideas in god's mind Reason as the source of knowledge = faith and reason as divine illumination right reason = rightly ordered love |
| Earthly city Vs. City of God | Earthly city = looking at the world sans enlightenment City of God = An extended metaphor offering a rethinking of the appropriate point of view to hold toward the meaning of life and how to live it for a Christian believer |
| How does one remove themselves from God or "the good?" | By loving the wrong damn thing |
| Religion | A recognition on the part of humans of some higher, unseen power as having control of their destinies |
| Theology | the study of the divine nature and its properties according to specified doctrine |
| Orthodoxy | A particular set of beliefs within a system that is absolutely correct, and anything deviating from these beliefs, even minutely, is absolutely wrong. |
| Heresy | A doctrine, principle or set of principles at variance with established or accepted principles; especially an opinion or opinions contrary to the established religious faith |
| Catacombs | Used to bury christian bodies because the roman empire would cremate them |
| Early Christian Art pieces (2) | 1. Arch of Constantine (4th century Rome, marble) - Shows christians chose to incorporate the vulger style which was civic 2. Apse Mosaic, Santa Pudensiana, 4th Century, Rome - Jesus' beard a teacher, a scholar, father figure. Halo from 4th C on. |
| The four Evangelists and their animals | Mark - lion Luke - Ox John - eagle Matthew - winged angel |
| Byzantine art piece (1) | 1. San Vitale mosaic of emperor justinian (5th C, Ravenna) - shown between the military and the church. he is the head of the church. |
| Barbarians included... | Ostrogoths (italy), Vandals (Africa), Visigoths (Spain), Franks and Burgundians (gaul), Angles and Saxons (britain), Magyars (Hungary) |
| Tufa | volcanic soil in catacombs |
| Loculi | Carved shelves for bodies in catacombs |
| Vulgar Style | "common man" style - civic style of human depiction for late empire |
| Parthian style | frontal, large eyes, slight contrapposto |
| Martyrium | memorial structure |
| clerestory | reaised roof over main aisle to allow light and air to enter in a basilica |
| pallium | tunic-like garment |
| sasanian empire | great persian empire to teh east |
| cruciform plan | a cross with arms of equal length |
| oran | hands reaised with palms up |
| paten | plate/tray with eucharistic bread |
| pendentive | inverted triangle that functions as the transition between the square base and round dome |
| squinch | corner niche the functions as the transition between the square base and round dome |
| codex | bound book |
| icon | devotional panel with a portrait of a saint |
| Justinian code | Based on abstract principles of justice, had three parts (digest, institutes and a textbook), roman law one of 3 still widely used, wanted to reconquer the west |
| Feudalism structure | Lords (particians) - promise to provide for and support the vassals vassals - fight for the prince managers - manage for the prince serfs - work for the prince clergy - lived in monastaries, didn't fight, but were always available for care |
| Patrician | land-owner |
| Plebian | one who does not own land |
| why did patricians leave the main cities? | Their cities came under siege. They took their people and started feudalism. This is why the roman empire melts away instead of exploding; all the important people left |
| Mosaic | made of color stone or glass or tile |
| Early images of christ (3) | 1. Apse mosaic Christ 2. Good shepherd figurine (300 centurey, rome, marble) - no beard, motif of jesus with the lamb 3. Good shepherd sarcophagus (4th Century rome, marble) christ with a beard AND the lamb) |
| Parts of a basilica | - nave = center - aisles - apses at either end - entrances |
| Sunni | a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad |
| Shia | a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs |
| Sufi | Muslim mystic |
| the five pillars of islam | Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad; Establishment of the daily prayers; Concern for and almsgiving to the needy; Self-purification through fasting; and The pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able. |
| Edict of Toleration | The Edict of Toleration by Galerius was issued in 311 by the Roman Tetrarchy of Galerius, Constantine and Licinius, officially ending the Diocletian persecution of Christianity. |
| Pharisee | A member of an ancient Jewish sect that emphasized strict interpretation and observance of the Mosaic law in both its oral and written form. |
| Sadducee | a member of a sect that differed from the Pharisees chiefly in its literal interpretation of the Bible, rejection of oral laws and traditions, and denial of an afterlife and the coming of the Messiah. |
| ramadan | the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; the month of fasting; the holiest period for the Islamic faith |
| messianism | the belief in a messiah, a savior or redeemer |
| mosque | Muslim place of worship that usually has a minaret |
| Minaret | distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques- generally tall spires with onion-shaped or conical crowns, usually either free standing or taller than any associated support structure |
| Buttress | an architectural structure built against (a counterfort) or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall |
| Auctoritas | Authority, In ancient Rome, Auctoritas referred to the general level of prestige a person |
| potestas | a Latin word meaning power or faculty. It is an important concept in Roman Law. |
| The investiture controversy | significant conflict between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as bishops and abbots. |
| The Five Good Emperors | Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius |
| Mausoleum | a large burial chamber, usually above ground |
| Hadith | the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran |
| Haj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Hijja |
| Hijrah | refers to the Prophet's migration from Mecca to Madinah |
| Ka'ba | the cubic sacred shrine in Mecca, towards which Muslims turn in prayer, and around which they they proceed at the end of the Hajj pilgrimage; built, according to tradition, by Abraham and Ishmael |
| Just war theory | a doctrine of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin which holds that a conflict can and ought to meet the criteria of philosophical, religious or political justice, provided it follows certain conditions. (jus ad bellum and jus in bello) |
| The samaritans | they claim descent from a group of Israelite inhabitants from the tribes of Joseph and Levi |
| Mihrab | a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca |
| Qibla wall | wall in a mosque that faces mecca |
| Peace of God | The Peace and Truce of God was a medieval European movement of the Catholic Church that applied spiritual sanctions in order to limit the violence of private war in feudal society. |
| Mono no aware | a Japanese term used to describe the awareness of mujo or the transience of things and a bittersweet sadness at their passing |
| kaimame | peeking through a fence, screen |
| terza rima | a rhyming verse stanza form that consists of an interlocking three-line rhyme scheme. It was first used by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri. aba, bcb, cdc etc |
| seven deadly sins | wrath, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy, and gluttony. |
| Things Japan borrowed from China | 1. Buddhism 2. Chinese system of writing (language of the elite) 3. Centralized imperial government (but not based on merit [family lines]) 4. Confucian political, legal and ethical philosophy |
| Rise of Universities | Christian institutes. Did not originally mean a place, but a group of people. Large cities had them so cities became places for education. |
| Church hierarchy | God, pope, bishops, priests, lay people |
| State hierarchy | God, monarch, aristocracy, knights, common people |
| Dome of the Rock | an important Islamic shrine and Jerusalem landmark located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. The structure, the oldest example of early Islamic architecture, was completed in 691 CE at the order of Arabian Umayyad Caliph, Abd al-Malik. |
| Hagia Sophia | Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture, constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, |
| Reasons for crusading | 1.to reclaim the Land of Christ and stop Muslim aggression 2.to heal the rift between Roman and Orthodox Christianity following the Schism of 1054 3.to hone the energy of the constantly warring lords and knights into the one cause of penitential warfare |
| Blown roof | echnique of composing a picture such that the roofs of buildings are absent so that the viewer may peer into the rooms and witness events taking place |
| bayeux tapestry | Tapestry (Tapisserie de Bayeux, Baius tæpped) is a long embroidered cloth — not an actual tapestry — which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England |
| 4 cardinal virtues | justice, temperance, fortitude and prudence |
| William of Okham | argued that universals are to be understood as the general designations for collections of particulars. nothing more. NOMINALISM |
| Thomas aquinas | legitimized aristolian philosophy in christianity. Formulates natural law: human understanding of God's law based on fundamental human similarities |
| Boethius' philosophy | wrote the consolation of philosophy. recognized as an intermediary between ancient philosophy and latin middle ages. associates divine reasoning with the forms (logos) |
| The rule of benedict | prayer, reading, labor |
| Peter Abelard | wrote sic et non. work of dialectical organization. intended to identify apparent contradictions in the bible so that philosophical and theological scholars could explain and resolve them. |
| Extreme realism | Universals exist separately from particulars |
| moderate realism | universals = explanatory foundation of particularisms |
| nominalsim | universals are nothing more than either (1) what a word signifies, or (2) the word itself as a signifier. |
| Charlemagne | brought in foreign scholars and started educational reforms |
| Paul | Spread the word of jesus on his travels, was a pharisee, wrote the epistles (letters) |
| Old st. peter's | Old Saint Peter's Basilica was the building that once stood on the spot where the Basilica of Saint Peter stands today in Rome from the 4th to 16th centuries |
| St. Paul | developed the position that jesus was christ, fortold savior of the jews/believers in god. made the case for jesus' divinity, began the religion, |
| The first council of nicaea | a council of Christian bishops convened in Nicaea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in A.D. 325. The Council attained consensus in the church by assembly. settled the relationship of Jesus to God Nicene Creed;settling the date of Easter; early canon law |
| Sutton hoo | the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of the 6th century and early 7th century, one of which contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of artifacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance. |
| Concordat of worms | an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms. It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors |
| the battle of milvian bridge | took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius. Constantine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Maxentius drowned in the Tiber during the battle. |
| taj mahal | located in Agra, India. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal.example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Islamic and Indian architectural styles |
| Alhambra palace | Court of the lions, in spane. very elaborate dome and niching |
| East asian art piece (1) | Li Cheng, a solitary temple amid clearing peaks, Century 950, hanging scroll ink and color on silk. depicting something via nothing |
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