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Lymphatic & Immune
Lecture Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood Plasma | Becomes interstitial fluid when leaked out of capillaries. Becomes lymph when picked up by lymphatic vessels. Again becomes blood plasma when dumped back into veins. |
| Lymphatic System | Most of the fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end, but ~3L/day is not. Lymphatic sys returns this fluid to the blood stream. |
| Functions of the Lymphatic System | Returns leaked plasma to the bloodstream. Transport dietary lipids-diluted in lymph. Lymphatic organs house lymphocytes. Generates an immune response & increases the lymphocyte population. |
| Lymph Vessels | Return lymph to venous bloodstream. Order: Lymphatic capillaries pick up interstitial fluid. Lymphatic Vessels. Lymphatic trunks. Lymphatic ducts-empty lymph back into venous circulation. |
| Lymph Capillaries | Close-ended tubes. Overlapping endothelial cells from 1-way flaps. Occur most everywhere blood capillaries occur-absent from red bone marrow, CNS, & avascular tissues. |
| Lacteals | Special types of lymphatic capillaries, pick up interstitial fluid, dietary lipids, & lipid-soluble vitamins. GI lymph=CHYLE (Lymph w/ fat in it). |
| Lymphatic Vessels | Receive lymph from capillaries. Resemble small veins-3 tunics, valves. Valves prevent backflow in the low pressure system. 2 types: afferent-flow towards lymph nodes. efferent-flow away from lymph nodes. cleaner than afferent vessels. |
| Lymphatic Trunks | Drain lymph from major body regions. |
| Lymphatic Ducts | Return lymph to cardiovascular sys. Empty at the junction of the internal jugular & subclavian veins. Thoracic-drains upper left quadrant & lower quadrants. Right lymphatic-drains upper right quadrant. |
| Lymphatic Nodules | Oval clusters of lymphatic tissue NOT surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. Contain some lymphatic cells-proliferating B-lymphocytes & some macrophages. Filter & attack antigens. Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT). Tonsils |
| Tonsils | Protect the pharynx from infection. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids). Palatine tonsils. Lingual tonsils. Tubal tonsils. |
| Tonsillitis & Tonsillectomy | Tonsils may be infected by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms: Fever, chills, sore throat, difficulty swallowing. Tonsillectomies are advised only if the person has had 6-7 infections in 1 year or 2-3 per year for several years. |
| Lymphatic Organs | Thymus, Lymph Nodes, & Spleen. Consist of Lymphatic cells & extracellular matrix-Form layers w/ inner medulla & outer cortex. Completely surrounded by a connective tissue capsule! |
| Thymus | Large in infants & young children. After puberty it begins to shrink. Each lobe has cortex & medulla. They help T-cells mature. |
| Lymph Nodes | Filter antigens form lymph & initiate immune response. Cortex-lymphocytes, dendritic cells. Medulla-lymphocytes, macrophages. Afferent & efferent lymphatic vessels. Clusters-axillary, inguinal, cervical. Know cisterna chyli. |
| Spleen | Largest lymphatic organ. Upper left quadrant of abdomen. White pulp contains lymphatic cells. Initiates immune response when antigens are found. Red pulp functions as a blood reservoir. Macrophages phagocytose bacteria & carry out hemolysis. |
| Lymphedema | Edema due to lymph node obstruction. Lymphatic filariasis: worms lodge in nodes. Surgical removal of nodes. Malignant tumors of nodes. Radiation causing scar tissue. Extreme cases-elephantiasis-common in southeast asia/africa. NOT operable/curable. |
| Lymphatic cells | LYMPHCYTES-most abundant cell type. B-lymphcytes, T-lymphocytes, & Natural Killer cells. Migrate through lymphatic sys, bind antigens. MACROPHAGES-monocytes that have migrated from bloodstream. Phagocytosis. |
| Lymphopoiesis | All born in red bone marrow. T-cells mature in thymus. B-cells mature in bone marrow. |
| T lymphocytes | Two main types: 1. Helper (CD4) 2. Cytotoxic (CD8). Other types: Memory, Suppressor. |
| Helper T lymphocytes (CD4) | Initiate & oversee immune response. Present antigens to other cells. Secrete cytokines-Chemical signals that bind to & activate other cells. Targeted by AIDS. Boss of the immune system. |
| Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8) | Kill by either secreting substances that break down the invading cell membrane or by triggering cell death. Kill bad guys by releasing poisons. |
| Memory T lymphocytes | Patrol body after attack. |
| Suppressor T lymphocytes | Turn off immune response. Everyone would get autoimmune diseases w/o these. |
| B Lymphocytes | Respond to 1 antigen by producing immunoglobulins (antibodies). Cannot be activated until a Helper T-lymphocyte presents it w/ an antigen. Once activated create Plasma cells ( create antibodies), & memory B-lymphocytes. |
| Antibodies | Bind to antigens. Tag targets for destruction by T-cells. |
| Immunity (B Lymphocytes) | Secondary immune response is stronger & faster than primary response. |
| NK (Natural Killer) Cells | NK cells can respond to multipe antigens. (Each B & T cell can only respond to a single antigen). NK cells can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells. |
| Lymphoma | Malignant neoplasm. Swollen lymph nodes in groin, cervical, axillary region. Hodgkin's lymphoma-presence of Reed-Sternberg cell. If caught early prognosis is good. AIDS is a risk factor. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bad-access to the whole body through lymph. |
| HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Passed through intimate contact w/ infected body fluids. Targets helper T-cells which oversee the body's immune response. |
| AIDS | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. An HIV infection is diagnosed as AIDS when helper T-cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3. Drug cocktail can stop disease from progressing but must be taken for life. |
Created by:
punkaloo
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