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Fundamentals

Rules, Formulas, Indicators

Question	Answer
Logical Reasoning problems are made up of three components:	stimulus, question stem, and a set of five answer choices
Two types of Logical Stimuli appear on the test:	Argument and Set of Facts
Argument	Consists of a conclusion and a set of premises given in support of that conclusion.
Set of Facts	Is a group of statements from which no conclusion is explicitly drawn.
Valid Conclusion/Valid Inference	Is a statement that must be true according to the premises.
Invalid Conclusion	Is a statement that is not necessarily true according to the premises.
Many arguments require	assumptions or unstated premises
Structural Indicators	Certain words and phrases that do not constitute part of the subject matter being discussed in a sentence; instead they function as structural indicators that create relationships between words and phrases.
Conclusions	Are often introduced by words and phrases such as therefore, thus, hence, consequently, so, it follows, or it can be concluded that.
Premises	Are often introduced by words and phrases such as because, since, or proven by the fact that.
Sufficient Condition	What is enough to make something true.
Necessary Condition	What is required to make something true.
Incorrect Negation	of a conditional statement is formed by negating both terms in that statement. The incorrect negation of any statement is different in meaning from that statement.
Incorrect Reversal	Conditional statement is formed by reversing bother terms in that statement. The incorrect reversal of any statement is different in meaning from that statement.
Contrapositive	Conditional statement is formed by reversing and negativing both terms in the statement. The Contrapositive of any statement is identical in meaning to that statement.
And/Or Rule	A compound principle is a conditional statement that includes either multiple sufficient conditions or multiple necessary conditions.
And/Or Rule	Converting the positive form of a compound principle into it's contrapositive form requires changing every and to or and changing every or to and.
Positive and Contrapositive	There are only two apply a general principle to a specific case: applying the positive form of the principle or applying the contrapositive form of the principle.
If Formula	The part of the statement that is introduced by if constitutes the sufficient conditions. The other part of the statement constitutes the necessary condition.
If Formula	When, Whenever, Where, Wherever
Only If Formula	The part of the statement that is introduced by only if constitutes the necessary condition. The other part of the statement constitutes the sufficient condition.
Only If Formula	Only when, Only where, *Only by itself does not always introduce a necessary condition.
All Formula	The part of the statement that is introduced by all constitutes the sufficient condition. The other part of the statement constitutes the necessary condition. The All Formula applies only to statements that begin with all.
All Formula	Each, Every, Any
No Formula	The part of the statement that is introduced by no constitutes the sufficient condition. The negation of the other part of the statement constitutes the necessary condition.
No Formula	None
Unless Formula	The part of the statement that is introduced by unless constitutes the necessary condition. The negation of the other part of the statement constitutes the sufficient condition.
Not Both Formula	One of the variables (it does not matter which one) constitutes the sufficient condition. The negation of the other variable constitutes the necessary condition.
Either Or Formula	The negation of one of the variables (it does not matter which one) constitutes the sufficient condition other variable constitutes the necessary condition. The expression either...or implies that at least one of two given variables must be present.

Created by: thelogicalconstruct on 2011-02-08

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Fundamentals

Rules, Formulas, Indicators