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ANP Ca and P
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the formal name for the mineral calcium? | hydroxyapatite |
| Where is 99% of calcium found in the body? | bone, teeth |
| How is Ca transported across the intestinal epithelia? | active transport using Ca binding proteins |
| Where is Ca absorbed the most? | duodenum and jejunum |
| When is calcium uptake more active? When calcium levels in the body are high or low? | When calcium levels are low |
| What form of vitamin d has the most influence on calcium absorption in the intestines? | calcitriol (D3) |
| When Ca concentrations are very high what is another way calcium gets across the intestinal membrane of the ileum and the colon? | When concentrations are very high it just diffuses paracellularly |
| What are some physiological factors that affect Ca absorption? | vitamin D status, life stage (infancy pregnancy and old age), inhibition of absorption |
| In general how does vitamin d status affect Ca absorption (increasing and decreasing) | too little vit d can't absorb Ca, too much vit d absorb too much Ca and have hypercalcemia |
| what are some inhibitors of Ca absorption | phytic acid, oxalic acid, fat malabsorption, high intake of other divalent cations (Mg2+, Fe2+) |
| what are some factors that would increase the absorption of Ca | |
| How is Ca transported in the blood | protein bound (albumen), free ionized form, bound to P.C.S. (phosphate, citrate, sulfate) |
| Which way does Ca transport through the blood the most | Free ionized form |
| How is Ca excreted | Urine, feces, sweat |
| What are the major functions of Ca in the body | Structural, muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve conduction |
| What is PTH's effect on the kidney | PTH causes increased activity of 25 hydroxylase which converts calcidiol to calcitriol, increases reabsorption of Ca and excretion of P |
| What is PTH's effect on bones | PTH stimulates osteoblast activity to indirectly increase osteoclast activity causing an increase in resorption |
| What are the effects of vitamin d on the kidneys | increased expression of calcium binding protein (calbindin), increased reabsorption (Acts on the tubules in the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the pee) |
| What are the effects of vitamin D on bones | interacts with osteoblasts to indirectly stimulate osteoclast activity (increased bone resorption) |
| What are the effects of vitamin D on the intestines | interacts with enterocytes to increase expression of calbindin and increase the expression of transporters for calcium in and out |
| osteoblasts have receptors for ______ hormone and osteoclasts have receptors for ____ hormone | PTH, calcitonin |
| Vitamin D has an effect on ___ absorption in the intestines, where PTH has no effect | Ca |
| What is the hormone that is released in response to high calcium levels (or hypercalcemia) and which organ secretes it | calcitonin, thyroid |
| Name 2 effects of calcitonin | inhibits PTH secretion, decreases the activity of osteoclasts |
| What are some deficiency symptoms of hypocalcemia | muscle pain and spasm, osteoporosis (theres more just fyi) |
| What are some possible causes of hypocalcemia | renal disease, liver disease, parathyroid issues (hypoparathyroid), low vitamin D status, malabsorptive disorders |
| What are "Bones, stones, moans, and groans” symptoms for | hypercalcemia |
| What does bones, stones, moans, and groans stand for | Bone: ache, high risk of fracture (impair normal bone turn over), Stones: kidney stones: inappropriate deposition in the kidney, Moans: muscular, groans: neurological issues |
| What are some causes of hypercalcemia | vitamin D toxicity, over active parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism), cancer |
| What are good food sources of Ca | dark leafy greens, dairy, beans |
| the distribution of phosphorus in the body is: bones, muscles, blood | |
| Where is phosphorus mainly absorbed and by what means | duodenum and jejunum, by phosphate transporters |
| Is phosphorus influenced by vitamin d | yes but not as much as Ca |
| How is phosphorus transported in circulation | lipoproteins |
| How is P regulated and what organ also has regulatory effects on it | regulated by PTH and the kidney regulates it by excreting and reabsorbing |
| What are some functions of phosphorus in the body | need it in every cell of our body: phosphorylations, energy production and storage (ATP), phospholipid membrane, cell signaling, bones |
| is deficiency common | No very rare, present in most foods |
| What is one disease state where P is crucial to include | Malnurished person refeeding syndrome where if they have glucose w/o P |
| Why is it so crucial to have P with glucose in feeding tubes | Because the first step glucose goes through when it enters cells is it has to be phosphorylated and without P you can undergo metabolic stress and die |
| What are common foods containing P | dairy, legumes, nuts, grains |
| What are some factors that have an increasing effect on Ca absorption | acidic environment, lactose, protein, amount ingested, low calcium status, vit d |
| What are factors that have a decreasing effect on Ca absorption | citric acid, oxalic acid, low vit d, malabsorption of fat, foods high in competing divalent cations |
Created by:
chelsea.adams
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