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Science midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first step in soil formation? | Break down bedrock |
| What is fuel? | A substance that provides a form of energy---such as HEAT, LIGHT, ELECTRICITY OR MOTION |
| How does combustion work? | The process of burning a fuel. |
| What are the three main fossel fuels? | COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GAS |
| What does it mean when a fuel is considered "nonrenewable"? | It cannot be used again. |
| What is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the USA? | COAL |
| Which fossil fuel is the cleanest? | Natural Gas |
| Dfine and give an example of a biomass fuel? | Animal waste |
| Define geothermal energy. | Energy from the Earth |
| Define Abrasion | The grinding away of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice, wind, or gravity. |
| Describe Ice Wedging. | Is a process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks then freezes and then expands. |
| Define chemical weathering? | The process that breaks down rock through chemical change. |
| What agent chemical weathers iron rich rocks and turns them reddish brown? | OXYGEN |
| What kind of climate has the fastest weathering? | Hot Weather Climates |
| What 2 things determine the rate of weathering? | Rock type, and climate. |
| Define soil. What is it comprised of? | Loose weathered matted material on the Earth's surface in which plants can grow' comprised of rock particals, air, water, minerals, and humus. |
| What is Bedrock? | The solid layer of rock beneath the surface. |
| What is litter? | Loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems from plants. |
| What is Coal formed from? | Ancient Plant Remains |
| What is Oil formed from? | The remains of small ORGANISMS, ALGAE, and PROTISTS that lived in oceans and shallow seas 100s of million of years ago. |
| In a neclearpower plant what is used to turn water into steam? | URANIUM bundle |
| What is energy conservation? Give examples | Refers to efforts to reduce energy consumptiom. Ex--Ride your bike, Walk, Carpool, Get good lightbulbs, turn lights off etc. |
| How do living organisms affect soil? | Mix up the soil and make spaces in it for air and water. |
| What are decomposers? | Organisms that eat dead animals. |
| Why is soil valuable? | Every living thing depends on soil to live in or for people to grow crops. |
| How long did it take the prarie soils in the US to form? | 1000s of years. |
| What 2 things that can cause the loss of soil? | WATER and WIND |
| What caused the Dust Bowl? | Plowing removed gras from the Great Plains and exposed the soil. |
| What animal mixes up the humus in the soil? | Earth worms and burrowing Mammals |
| What does the texture of the soil depend on? | Plant Growth |
| What layer of soil is topsoil found in? | A Horizon |
| Define erosion | Is the movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity. |
| What is Tributary? | A stream that flows into a larger stream. |
| Describe what a an alluvial fanis? | A wide sloping deposite of sediment formed where a stream leaves a moutain range. |
| What process forms Deltas? | Sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake. |
| What are the 2 types of glaciers? | Valley and Continental Glaciers. |
| Name the rock most fossils are found in? | Sedimentary |
| Understand the "Law of Superposition"? | States that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it. |
| What is the age of the oldest fossils found? | 3.5 Billion years |
| What ERA were most dinosaurs in abundance? | Mesozoic ERA |
| The history of the earth is conveyed via this "Time Scale". | Geologic Time Scale |
| What metals is the Earths inner core theorized to be made of? | Iron and Nickel |
| Where on earth does a hot spot exist? | In the middle of the plate. |
| Know the landforms for both oceanic and continental crust. | Mountains, Volcanoes, Rifts |
| What type of Earth plates collide? | Convergent |
| What type of Earth plates separate? | Divergent |
| How does the interior magma of Earth become molten hot? | It is a mixture of gases, water and mixture of rocks under pressure |
| Know the predictability of earthquakes. | Unknown can't predict. |
| How is a Tsunami produced? | By an earthquake |
| What is liquefaction as a result of an earthquake? | When seimic waves change solid soil to liquid mud within seconds |
| Explain how a seismograph works? | Converts ground movements into a signal that can be recorded and printed |
| State the name Dr. Wegener gave to his supercontinent? | Pangea |
| When does magma become lava? | When it erupts out of the valcano |
| Describe the Igneous rock called Basalt? | Dark, Dense, igneous rock with a fine texture found in the oceanic crust. |
| Explain the recycling process of the oceanic crust (sea floor). | Magma erupts through the weak zones of the crust on the ridges to create new oceanic crust |
| ID the deepest places on Earth? | Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean 11,033 Meters |
| What does a true rock consist of? | Two or more minerals |
| Know the differences between valcanoes? | Shield Valcanoes---thin layers of lava pour out of vent and harden on top of previou layer. Cinder Cone Valcanoes---a steep cone shaped hill or mountain. Composite Valcanoe---lava flowsalternate with explosive eruptions of ash,cinder, or bombs. |
| How long do earthquakes last? | 30 seconds to 1 minute |
| Explain the process for predicting volcanic eruptions? | Geologist use tiltmeters, laser-ranging devices and other tools monitor the magnetic field, check temperature of water in chamber and check water level. |
| How can water be both a chemical and physical rock weathering agent? | |
| Desribe what a geologic spit is. | A beach formed by long shore drift that projects like a finger out into the water. |
| How are fossils sorted and organized? | Shape |
| State how long modern humans have occupied time in Earth's history. | Less than 1% |
| Why does the fossil record lack good representation by insect species? | They don't have hard parts |
| What does a geologic map show? | Rock type and age |
| Which Igneous rock is an intrusive? | Granite |
| What causes a valcano to occur? | Anytime magma makes it to the surface |
| How does an earthquake begin? | Earthquakes occur at the margins of tectonic plates where one plate passes another or where two plates collide causing movement of faults. |
| State the Earth's four primary geologic layers. | Crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core |
| State the primary landforms found on Earth. | Plain, Plateau, Isthmus, and Peninsula |
| What is the largest mountain range found on Earth called? | Mid Ocean Ridge |
| Know the density differences between oceanic and continental crust. | Oceanic crust is denser |
| Which crust is thinner, Oceanic or Continental? | Oceanic |
| Know how convection currents as a means of heat transfer work. | Convection |
| Explain the type of boundary at the Mid-Oceanic Ridge? | Divergent |
| What type of fault boundary is California's San Andreas? | Transform |
| Describe what a geologic "Hot Spot" is and does. | Location on Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanoes for a long time. |
| Wind energy is an indirect form of what other renewable energy? | Solar energy |
| What is the most widely used renewable energy? | Hydro electric |
| What is the size and density difference between oceanic and continental crust? | The oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust. |
| How does Earth's mantle differ from it's crust? | The mantle is a solid layer of hot rock that behaves plasticly and the crust is a layer of rock that forms the Earth's outer skin. |
| Explain the difference between the Earth's inner and outer cores. | The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid. |
| ID the method of heat transfer responsible for moving Earth's plates. | Covection Currents |
| Where is the new Earth crust added as it pertains to plate boundaries? | Mid-Ocean Ridge....Divergent |
| Describe and name the plate boundaries which slide past one another. | Transform |
| Know the difference between earthquake focus and epicenter. | The focus is the point beneath where the rock breaks under stress and epicenter is the point on earths surface directly above and eartquake focus. |
| What does a sea floor earthquake have the potential to produce? | Tsunami |
| List the evidence Wegener used to support his theory. | Landforms, fossils and climate |
| Why did scientist reject his Wegener's theory? | Beacuse he couldn't prove how or why continents moved |
| Name the fault boundary type of the San Andreas, CA | Transform |
| What plate boundary allows for new lithosphere to be added? | Divergent |
| Name the molten rock located inside Earth. | Outer core |
| How fast does the Earth's lithosphere plates move? | Move in constant slow motion. |
| What is the size and density difference between oceanic and continental crust? | Rhw oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust. |
| How does the earth's mantle differ from its crust? | The mantle is a layer of hot rock that behave plasticly and the crust is a layer of rock that forms the earths outer skin. |
| Explain the difference between the earths inner and outer core? | The inner core is solid and outer core is liquid. |
| ID the method of heat transfer responsible for moving Earth's plates. | Convection currents |
| Where is the new Earth's crust added as it pertains to plate boundaries? | Divergent Mid-Ocean Ridge |
| Describe and name the plate boundaries which slide past one another. | Transform |
| Know the difference between earthquake focus and epicenter. | The focus is the point beneath where rock breaks under stress and epicenter is the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquakes focus. |
| Describe and name the plate boundaries which slide past one another. | Transform |
| Know the difference between earthquake focus and epicenter. | The focus is the point beneath where rock breaks under stress and epicenter is the point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquakes focus. |
| What does a seafloor earthquake have the potential to produce? | Tsunamis |
| Name the theory Dr. Wegener gave to horizontal crust movement. | The theory of continental drift. |
| List the evidence Wegener used to support his theory. | Landforms, fossils, and climate |
| Why did scientists reject Wegener's theory? | Because he could not prove how or why. |
| Name the fault boundary type of the San Andreas, CA. | Transform |
| What plate boundary allows for new lithosphere to be added? | Divergent |
| Name the molten rock located inside the Earth. | Outercore |
| How fast does Earth's lithosphere plates move? | In constant slow motion 5 centimeters per year. |
| Explain the "Law of Superposition", and how it relates to the Grand Canyon? | States that in horizontal layers of sedimentary rock each layer is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it. |
| What is the age of Earth's oldest known fossil. | 3.5 billion years old |
| Describe the definition of a true fossil. | Are the preserved remains or traces of living things. |
| Where are fossils primarily found (rock type)? | Sedimentary |
| What is the purpose of Earth's "Geologic Timescale"? | It shows a record of lifeforms and geologic events in Earth's history. |
| How is the abslute age of rock determined? | How the number of years since the rock was formed. |
| What is carbon dating using c-14 used for geology? | Used in dating materials from plants and animals that lived upto 50,000 years ago. |
| Explain the purpose and definition of an index fossil. | Help geologist match rock layers and Index fossil are fossils that are widely distributed organisms that lived only one short period. |
| What are examples of "preserved remains fossils"? | Animal tar pit, amber or freezing. |
| How many Earth mass extinctions have been recorded in geo time? | 5 |
| Know the function and purpose of the rock cycle. | Rock cycle is a process on Earth's surface and inside planet that slowly changes rocks from 1 kind to another. |
| Describe the difference yet close relationship of the continental drift, sea floor spreading, and plate tectonic theories. | |
| Know how the force of gravity works with water towards weathering, erosion, and deposition (W.E.D). | |
| How can natural geologic forces be botth destructive and constructive? | Volcanoes form new land and also can destroy built up cities. |
| What rock group is considered to be the primary of the three? | Igneous |
| ID the rock that is an intrusive, igneous. | Granite |
| Why are limestone and coal considered not to be true rocks? | Coal is fossil fuel made from ancient plant remains, limestone is mainly made of minerals and some is pure calcite |
| What is a geological "non-conformity"? | ontact between 2 rock units in which upper rock is much younger then the lower rock. |
| What is the term for the bending of light, sound, and other wave energy? | Refraction |
| Why are physical models constructed? | To represent something |
| What seimic wave is the fastest? | P waves |
| Name the type of model that first exists as a thought. | Conceptual Model |
| Know which seismic waves that can travel through liquids. | P Waves |
| Name an example of a speckled, intrusive, Igneous rock. | Granite |
| Name an example of a course, granular, sedimentaryrock. | Sandstone |
| What is a metamophosed limestone called? | Marble |
| How are seiments carried by a river? | The rivers load |
| What kind of natural force creates Deltas? | Deposition, Constructive |
| Describe what happens to a headland. | Headland is a small area of land that extends out into a body of water which erodes over time |
| State the timescale based upon fossil evidence only. | Geologic |
| Explain the difference between a body and a cast fossil. | The cast is a copy of a shape of an organism. |
| In the Law of Superposition, where is the youngest rock located? | At the Top |
| What king of fossil is a prehistoric worm burrow called? | Trace Fossil |
| Know what an "Ecological Niche" is. | Relationship position of a species in its ecosystem to each other |
| Describe a "tool" for correlating world wide rock strata. | Fossil Markers |
| Know the definition of a species. | A group of organisms capable of involving and producing fertile offspring. |
| Where, relative to crust, do most earthquakes occur? | Techtonic plates |
| What is the name of re-melted rock? | Lava |
| How does a rock differ from a mineral? | Rock differ due to texture and small particles of minerals or other rocks that make up a rock |
| Describe what a geologic map shows. | It shows geologic features inclluding rocks and faults |
| Describe how water can cause physical weathering. | Abraision and ice wedging |
| What type of physical weathering is used to make stone jewelery? | Abraision |
| Where and how does a Delta form? | As river flows picks up sediment and carries sediment to the ocean where sediment is deposited and over time a delta forms. |
| Explain the dynamics of glacial movement. | |
| State the position of oldest to youngest layers of sedimentary rock. | Oldest-Bottom, Youngest-Top |
| Name the rock most fossils are found in. | Sedimentary |
| What natural conditions would help make and preserve a fossil? | Rapid Burial |
| ID a footprinf fossil type. | Dinosaur Footprint |
| What are the characteristice of an index fossil? | Wide spread and short lived |
| What king of rock would you expect to find a coral fossils in? | Sedimentary rock /limestone |
| What primary element is used to determine "absolute age" of rock? | Carbom 14 |
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jitters2
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