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BR - Circ System
Board Review - Circulatory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where do you find venous blood? | pulmonary artery |
| What type of tissue is blood? | connective tissue |
| What percentage of blood is made up of plasma? | 55% |
| What is important function of hemoglobin? | It allows oxygen to bind with it. |
| How much blood does the spleen normally hold on average? | 1 pint |
| What is an important function of blood? | fluid balance, transportation, protection |
| What percentage of plasma is made up of water? | 91.5% |
| Where are RBC's produced? | Epiphysis of long bones |
| What is another name for platelets? | thrombocytes |
| Which of the following is a granular wbc? | neutrophil, basophil, & eosinophil |
| What is the main funciton of B lymphocytes? | antibody formation |
| What makes of 60% of all WBCs? | neutrophils |
| What is the property of RBC's that allows them to fit through tight capillary passages? | property of deformity |
| What is the major function of thrombocytes? | clotting process |
| What is a moving clot known as? | embolus |
| What is the inner layer of the heart wall called? | endocardium |
| What are the two layers of serous pericardium? | parietal and visceral or epicardium layers |
| The left atrium receives blood from which body structure? | pulmonary veins |
| The right ventricle pumps blood to which body structure? | lungs |
| What is the location of the tricuspid valve? | between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
| What is the outermost layer of arteries and veins? | tunica adventitia (externa) |
| Capillaries are only one cell layer thick. Which layer is it? | tunica intima |
| What transports deoxyginated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs for oxygenation? | pulmonary arteries |
| What is the name of the artery that is located behind the knee, supplying blood to the knee joint and certain muscles of the calf? | popliteal |
| What valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle? | Bicuspid (mitral) |
| Which is the vein in the body, originating on the medial aspect of the foot and extending upward along the medial side of the leg toward the inguinal ligament? | great saphenous |
| Which artery should you be aware of when you are working at the cervical region of the body? | carotid |
| What is inflammation of a vein known as? | phlebitis |
| What is the pacemaker of the heart called? | sino-atrial node |
| What is it called when blood circulates through the veins of the digestive system, enters the liver, and drains into the inferior vena cava? | hepatic portal circulation |
| What tool is used to measure blood pressure? | sphygmomanometer |
| What is another name for hypertension? | high blood pressure |
| What is the main cause of atherosclerosis? | cholesterol deposits on the inner surfaces of arteries |
| What is the function of semilunar valves? | to prevent backflow |
| What is the difference between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system? | Cardiovascular system is closed, lymphatic system is open. |
| What is the life span of a RBC? | 105-120 days |
| What is it called when there is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, which creates a weakness in the wall covering the vessel? | aneurysm |
| What is it called when there is an excessive accumulation of watery fluid in cells, tissues, and serous cavities? | edema |
| What is it called when there is a rapidly developing loss of brain functions and destruction of brain tissue due to hemorrhage or cessation of blood flow through cerebral blood vessels? | cerebrovascular accident |
| Which blood type contains the RH antigen? | Any that are positive |
| What is it called when there is a sudden chest pain on exertion due to inadequate oxygen supply? | angina pectoris |
| What is the condition that involves an enlarged and twisted vein, artery, or lymphatic vessel? | varicostiy |
| Which organ contains striated muscle fibers? | heart |
| During CPR, what is the heart squeezed between? | sternum and scapula |
| Which contains deoxygenated venous blood? | pulmonary arteries |
| What part of blood plasma is involved in fighting disease? | globulin |
| What is not a granular cell? | lymphocyte |
| Which are two best pressure points to control bleeding in extremities? | brachial and femoral |
| The signs that indicate internal bleeding are similar to what other condition? | shock |
| What is the best first aid for a bleeding wound? | apply direct pressure |
| Which will give rise to a tetanus infection? | puncture, laceration or a blister |
| What is the primary function of erythrocytes? | oxygen transportation |
| What kind of blood cells combat infection? | WBCs |
| What is the primary effect of massage on the cardiovascular system? | dilate blood vessels |
| When standing, the effect of gravity on venous return is counteracted by what? | valves in the veins |
| What is stroke not commonly associated with? | low blood pressure |
| Which of the following is not associated with a longstanding condition of arterial insufficiency to the legs? | increased hair |
| Capillary bleeding is a sign of deficiency in which vitamin? | Vitamin K |
| What is the difference between embolus and thrombus? | embolus is moving thrombus is lodged |
| What is the average volume of blood in an adult? | 5-6 liters |
| When bleeding occurs, what hastens the repair of ruptured blood vessel walls? | platelets |
| What controls the flow of venous blood? | Contraction of skeletal muscle and valves in the veins that prevent back-flow of venous blood |
| When a person becomes excited or threatened, what body action causes heart rate to increase? | adrenalin is excreted by the adrenal medulla, sympathetic fibers are stimulated and the thalamus responds to stimulation from the sensory cortex |
| Which substance is most present in hemoglobin? | O2 |
| What is the definition of erythropoesis? | creation of RBCs |
| What is the least common symptom of heart attack? | pain on right side of chest and right shoulder |
| Abnormal vasoconstriction in the extremities will be caused by too much exposure or use of | tobacco |
| In which blood vessel is there the least pressure? | veins |
| In the blood pressure reading 120/80, which one is diastolic pressure? | 80 |
| What is the name of the artery sending blood from the heart to the body? | aorta |
| Coagulation of the blood involves? | prothrombin, thrombin & platelets |
| What is the name of the blood vessels that function as the connecting point between arteries and veins? | capillaries |
| By what structure is deoxygenated blood returned directly to the heart? | superior and inferior vena cava |
| By what is Oxygen (O2) mainly carried? | erythrocytes |
| Which is the best pulse to check for cardiac function? | carotid |
| In what vessel does the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic waste take place? | capillaries |
| Which organ is protected by the sternum and vertebral columns? | heart |
| The radial artery passes through the wrist. What other artery also passes through the wrist? | ulnar |
| When the left ventricle is in contraction, which pressure is measured? | systolic |
| What happens during the initial phase of acute inflammation of fibrous tissue? | vasodilation |
| What marks the last stage of blood clotting? | fibrinogen is converted to fibrin |
| The right atrium receives blood from all body tissues except one. Which body tissue is this? | lungs |
| When you have cold feet, which artery is involved in warming them up? | Dorsalis pedis |
| What percentage of blood is made up of plasma? | 55% |
| In order for gastrointestinal blood to be detoxified before it can be returned to systemic circulation, where must it go? | liver via hepatic portal vein |
| Infection in the body is combated primarily by? | WBCs |
| Through what does the blood flow from the heart to the lungs? | pulmonary artery |
| What is the protein that is most common in blood plasma? | Albumin |
| Which primarily carries oxygen in the blood stream? | erythrocyte |
| Where are the blood cells produced? | in red bone marrow |
| It is essential to consider blood type when doing blood transfusions. | B to AB is a safe transfusion |
| Which is the organ that filters dead tissue and foreign matter? | Spleen |
| What is one of the first physiological responses to stress? | increased heart rate |
| What is the name of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart? | Pericardium |
| To what organ do the renal arteries supply blood? | kidneys |
| What is systolic pressure? | maximal pressure when the ventricles contract |
| What is diastolic pressure? | minimal arterial pressure during relaxation and dilation of the ventricles |
| What is arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries? | coronary heart disease |
| What is the relationship between baroreceptors and the medulla? | Baroreceptors detect blood pressure and relay the information to the cardio regulatory centers in the medulla. |
| At what location in the vascular system does the actual exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolic waste take place? | in the true capillaries of the capillary beds |
| Which is systolic pressure when the reading is 110/90? | 110 |
| What is ischemia? | Decreased blood flow to the tissues |
| Which could be present in the body when venous blood return is inhibited? | venostasis |
| Which vein returns blood to the heart from the lower extremity? | great saphenous vein |
| In which blood vessel is the blood velocity the lowest? | capillaries |
| If the viscosity of the blood decreases, what happens? | peripheral resistance decreases |
| What is the primary function of the circulatory system? | transportation |
| What advantage is provided by the biconcave shape of red blood cells? | a larger surface area for the diffusion of gas molecules in and out of the cell |
| What is the purpose of serous fluid in the pericardium? | to reduce friction between heart membranes as the heart moves. |
| What is the function of the heart valves? | to prevent blood from flowing backwards |
| Which blood type is the universal donor? | O- |
| What is the cause of myocardial infarction? | insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle |
| The initiation and maintenance of the heartbeat requires a well-cooridinated system of conduction. Which structure of the heart carries impulses down the septum? | left and right bundle branches |
| The sound lubb-dupp corresponds to what actions of the heart? | lubb corresponds to the sound of the AV valves closing at systole and dupp corresponds to the sound of the semilunar valves closing at diastole. |
| What is another name for the mitral valve? | left bicuspid atrioventricular valve |
| What is bradycardia? | substantially slower heart rate |
| What is tachycardia? | rapid heart rate |
| What is the difference between stroke volume and cardiac output? | Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute, while stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heartbeat. |
| Which could cause an increase in peripheral resistance of blood circulation? | atherosclerosis, increased blood viscosity, & vasoconstriction |
| What is another name for low blood pressure? | hypotension |
| What is interstitial fluid? | fluid that fills spaces between cells |
| What best describes myocardium? | striated involuntary muscle tissue |
| Which is embedded in the muscle of ventricular walls and conveys stimulation for the ventricles to contract simultaneously? | Purkinje fibers |
| When the lymphatic duct returns lymph from the right upper quadrant, where does it flow into? | right subclavian vein |
| Which is not an auxillary organ of the lymphatic system? | gall bladder |
| Where do the inguinal nodes drain from? | legs |
| Where does the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system drain into? | subclavian vein on the left side |
| Where do you find the tonsils? | Pharynx |
| Which are highly specialized organs that are part of the lymphatic system? | thymus and spleen |
| Where is the spleen located? | high in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen lateral to the stomach |
| Which is the largest lymphoid organ? | spleen |
| 85% of the lymphatic fluid from the breast tissue drains into which lymph duct? | axillary |
| What is the primary function of the lymph nodes? | regulate intercellular fluid, filter and neutralize bacteria |
| What is the term that defines a specific resistance to disease? | immunity |
| In which region are lymph nodes found? | axillary |
| When a person has immunity to a disease, what does he/she have that is specific? | antibodies |
| When would the lymphatic flow be at its lowest? | resting |
| What is the most likely cause of edema in the upper extremity? | lymphatic blockages in the axilla |
| Where does the lymphatic system return fluid to the cardiovascular system? | subclavian/jugular venous junction |
| What lymphoid tissues are located in the oral cavity and pharynx | tonsils |
| What fluid is affected by lymphatic drainage? | lymph and interstitial |
| What is the substance that causes the immune system to respond? | antigen |
| In what way does the immune system differ from other body systems? | it is a functional system that uses the organs and tissues of other systems instead of having specific organs |
| What is the function of lymph nodes? | filter lymph fluids, phagocytosis of pathogens, and direct attack of cancer cells |
| What are the functions of the spleen? | Destruction of pathogens by phagocytosis, produce lymphocytes, macrophages remove worn out blood cells |
| The cisterna chyli receives lymph from? | leg, lumbar trunk, & intestinal trunk but not the subclavian vein |
| In addition to massage, which is most helpful in increasing lymph flow? | exercise |
| Interferon is a small protein compound that plays a very significant role in assisting immune response. What does it help fight? | viral infection |
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and return it to the blood, transports dietary lipids absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract to the blood and carries out the immune response. |
| The lymphatic system plays an important role in the production of WBCs. What is the name of this process? | lymphopoiesis |
| What is the function of the lymphatic system? | drain fluid from tissue spaces back into the blood |
| Inflammation as a nonspecific defense is characterized by? | increase in capillary permeability, edema, attraction of phagocytes to infected area |
| What is the difference between nonspecific resistance and specific resistance? | nonspecific resistance is an innate defense, and specific resistance is an acquired defense (immunity) |
| What is it about fever that makes it an effective body defense? | Intensifies the effects of intererons, interferes with pathogen metabolism, inhibits pathogen growth, increases metabolic rate of tissue cells in general, speeding up the repair process |
| When WBCs and macrophages are exposed to foreign cells or substances, they secret pyrogens. What is the effect of pyrogen secretion? | pyrogens are fever-producing substance so body temperature increases |
| What best represents lymph flow from the interstitial spaces back to the blood? | lymphatic capillaries to vessels to ducts to junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins |
| Which is not true of skin in nonspecific resistance? | interferons are produced by epidermal cells |
| What characterizes cell-mediated immunity? | specialized sensitized T-Cells (T lymphocytes) attach to antigens to destroy them. |
| What characterizes antibody-mediated immunity? | B lymphocytes (B-Cells) develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies that destroy antigens. |
| Describe lymph flow | like venous blood, it is aided by the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump |
| Lymphatic vessels are most like? | veins |
| Flow of lymph is slowed down in the node because there are fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent vessels. In what ways si this beneficial for body resistance or immunity? | This helps by giving more time to immune cells and macrophages to respond efficiently to foreign substances passing through the node. |
| Which are found in lymph nodes? | B Cells, T Cells and Macrophages |
| Where in the body to immature lymphocytes (B & T Cells) arise? | red bone marrow |
| Which lymphocytes migrate to the thymus in order to mature and become immune competent? | T Cells |
| Which lymphocytes account for the most lymphocytes in circulation? | T Cells |
| Which lymphocytes arise, mature and become immune competent in red bone marrow? | B Cells |
| Which cell directly attacks and destroys cellular pathogens? | Killer T Cells |
| Which cell binds with B cells and releases chemicals and activate B cells, T cells and macrophages? | Helper T Cells |
| Which cell turns off the immune response? | Suppressor T Cells |
| There are 6 immunoglobin classes: IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE? Which is the chief immunoglobin released during secondary response as well as the most abundant antibody in plasma representing about 75-85% of circulating antibodies? | IgG |
| What is a non-specific defense mechanism? | mucous membranes, inflammatory response, skin (antibodies are not) |
| What are specific defense mechanisms? | lymphocytes, macrophages, antibodies (inflammatory response is not) |
| What is another term for humoral immunity? | antibody-mediated immunity |
| What is the general benefit of Peyer's patches and mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)? | They provide digestive and respiratory tracts with protection against constant exposure and attack from foreign matter. |
| What kind of cell produces antibodies? | plasma cells |
| Which cell's function is necessary in order for cytotoxic T cells to recognize an antigen? | Helper T Cell |
| Which lymphocyte produces antibodies? | B lymphocytes |
Created by:
Gneblu
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