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Physio Psych
Final Exam Studying
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Galvanometer | Used to measure electricity, including neural signals |
| Socrates | The soul is the seat of waking consciousness and moral character |
| Pineal Gland | Thought to be intermediary between the mind and the brain |
| Descartes | Father of Physiological Psychology |
| Asomatognosia | Disorder in which you don't recognize or claim ownership over part of your body |
| Julien Offray de la Mettrie | Published "The Human Machine" |
| Aristotle | Cardiac Hypothesis - said the heart controls mental processes |
| Synapse | From Greek, meaning "to clasp" |
| Franz Joseph Gall | Developed "Localization of Function Doctrine" - different parts of the brain responsible for different attributes of behavior and personality |
| Psychopharmacology | Study of the effects of drugs on neural activity |
| Neurophychology | Study of the effects of brain damage in human patients |
| Prefrontal Lobes | Most advanced part of the brain, separates us from all other species on earth |
| Microevolution | Small, within species evolutionary changes; time scale of thousands of years |
| Natural Selection | Governed by "Survival of the Fittest" |
| Homologous Adaptation | Adaptations with the same origin but different function |
| Enriched Environment | Nourishing environment with lots of stimulation |
| Exaptations | New functions for which structures were not originally developed |
| Reptilian Brain | Part of McLean's model, most primitive part of the brain; responsible for survival oriented behaviors |
| Phineas Gage | Railroad worker who lost most of his prefrontal lobe due to an accident with a railroad spike |
| Adaptation | Random changes to genes that make organisms more or less suited to their environment |
| Aging | Results from DNA making increasing imperfect copies of itself |
| Evolutionary Leap | a sudden and dramatic change in adaptability |
| Impoverished Environment | Nurturing environment with bare necessities required for survival |
| Neomammalian Brain | Part of McLean's model; responsible for hindsight, foresight, and insight |
| Secondary emotions | Type of emotional response; learned or social emotions |
| Macroevolution | Large evolutionary changes resulting in one species changing into another; time scale of millions of years |
| "On The Origin of Species" | Title of Charles Darwin's famous book on the theory of evolution |
| Paleomammilian Brain | Part of McLean's Model; responsible for processing emotion, play behavior, parental bonding, and enhanced learning and memory |
| Neanderthal | Hominids that co-existed with Homo Sapiens; Lacked prefontal cortices and likely had use of language |
| Linear Progression | Misconception about evolution in which changes occur in a straight line without branching |
| John M. Harlow | Physician who treated railroad worker with severe damage to his prefrontal lobes |
| Spandrel | An evolutionary by-product which may not have a specific adaptive function |
| Analogous Adaptation | Adaptations with different origins, but the same function |
| Triune Brain | McLean's Theory describing brain development in evolutionary terms |
| Limbic System (also Paleomammilian Brain) | In the brain, responsible for processing emotion |
| Primary Emotions | Type of emotional response; pre-wired, innate; triggered by detection of critical stimulus features |
| Dualism | Mind and brain are separate and distinct; first proposed by Anaxagoras |
| John B. Watson | Father of Behaviorism |
| Karl Lashley | Opposed localization of function doctrine due to his research on rats and memory |
| Julius Bernstein | Two-state theory- said that neurons have a resting state and an excitation state. couldn't test this theory, eventually was proven right |
| Johann Kaspar Spurzheim | Developed Phrenology |
| Pierre Flourens | Used ablation; partially agreed with localization of function doctrine |
| Monism | Everything psychological is simultaneously biological |
| Broca's Area | Third convolution of the left frontal lobe |
| Delgado | Experiment with the bull; falsely identified the "taming center of the brain" |
| Neuron | Basic unit of the nervous system |
| Luigi Galvani | Thought Pneuma was a special form of animal electricity; did experiment on frog legs |
| Silver Nitrate | Substance used for Golgi Staining (allowed neurons to be observed for the first time) |
| Ramon Y Cajal | Discovered the neuron as the basic unit of the nervous system |
| Wernicke's Area | Language Comprehension |
| Wernike's Component Theory | Said that it is an oversimplification to say that the brain is responsible for a single function. There are different parts of the brain that are components of other parts of the brain. |
| Psychophysiology | study of the relationship between physio activity and psychological processes |
| Anaxagorous | First proposed the concept of Dualism |
| Laucotome | Variation of the lobotomy in which cores are removed from the frontal lobe |
| Blood | Humor for liveliness and energy |
| Physiological Psychology | Scientific study of the Biology of behavior |
| Dubois-Remond | First measured the electrical nature of the neuron |
| David Ferrier | Used stimulation to map the sensory cortices of dogs |
| Hippocrates | First recognized contralateralism and discovered that epilepsy is not demons, just a disease |
| Trephination | Used to alleviate swelling in the brain |
| Plato | Came up with Pneuma Theory - out behavior is controlled by invisible spirits |
| Yellow Bile | Humor for Anger |
| Caudate Nucleus | Falsely identified as the "taming center" of the brain by Delgado. This is really an inhibitory motor structure (slowing down motor activity) |
| Infer | To derive a conclusion from facts or premises |
| Extrapyramidal | Descending motor pathway for course, ballistic movements (basal ganglia - more primitive part of the brain) |
| Cervical Nerves | Uppermost section of spinal nerves (8 pairs) |
| Efferent Nerves | Type of nerve carrying motor information (outgoing info) |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Division of the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for mobilizing resources (ex. fight or flight response) |
| Arachnoid Membrane | Layer of meninges characterized by web-like fibers |
| Noradrenergic | Term for pathways that use norepinephrine |
| -ergic | means to work |
| Dorsal | Anatomical direction meaning towards the back (spine) |
| Inferior | Anatomical direction meaning lower or under |
| Medial | Anatomical direction meaning towards the midline/middle |
| Afferent | Type of nerve carrying sensory info. (incoming signals) |
| Monosynaptic | A spinal nerve connection with only one junction (for fast reflexes) |
| Ganglion | A junction where bundles of nerves meet characterized by a collection of cell bodies |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Division of the Autonomic Nervous system responsible for calming you down |
| Hydrocephalus | Disorder caused by an interruption or decrease in cerebrospinal fluid flow |
| Ach | symbol for acetylcholine (responsible for motor movements) |
| Ventral | Anatomical direction meaning towards the front (belly) |
| Posterior | Anatomical direction meaning towards the rear (opposite direction of travel); AKA caudal |
| Nerve | Bundle of Axons in the PNS |
| Lemniscal | Ascending tract for precise somatosensory sensations; ex. vibrations, sensations of movement across skin, any stimulus with fine gradations of intensity |
| Spinathalamic | Ascending spinal tract for crude and broad touches and sensations; ex. thermal (hot/cold), pain, crude pressure and touch, tickles and itches, and sexual sensations |
| Duramater | Outermost layer of the meninges, means "tough mother" |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Mixed Nerve | Term for a nerve comprised of fibers carrying motor and sensory information |
| Lateral | Anatomical direction meaning along or towards the sides |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Division of the PNS responsible for modulating the activities of the vicera; includes Sympathetic Nervous system and the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Anterior | Anatomical direction meaning towards the front or nose end (direction of travel); AKA rostral |
| White Matter | Comprised of Myelinated atoms; has a characteristic color, surrounds the grey matter |
| 12 pairs | Number of cranial Nerves |
| Area Postrema | Part of the brain that's unprotected by the blood-brain barrior; for detecting and reducing exposure to toxins |
| Pyramidal | Descending pathway for fine motor movements |
| Superior | Anatomical direction meaning higher or above |
| Dorsal Horn | Spinal route for sensory information (think back rub bc of dorsal) |
| Ventral Horn | Spinal route for motor information |
| Hypo | Prefix meaning below |
| Grey Matter | Comprised of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons |
| Pia Mater | Innermost layer of the meninges meaning "Pious Mother" |
| Subarachnoid Space | Space in between the arachnoid membrane and the Pia Mater of the meninges containing blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid |
| Tract | Bundle of Axons in the CNS |
| Anterior Pituitary | Secreting hormones to direct other hormones (not the final messenger) |
| Posterior Pituitary | Final messenger receiving neural impulses and producing hormones as the final messenger |
| Vasopressin | Other hormone produced by the pituitary gland; regulates water which influences blood pressure |
| Pyramidal cells | Neocortical Neurons with long axons primarily for transmitting info., across layers (pyramid shaped body), these are projection interneurons |
| Stellate cells | Star shaped Neocortical neurons, stubby and small interneuron used for local communication and processing information |
| Central Fissure | Separates Frontal and Parietal Lobes |
| Lateral Fissure | Sectioning off the temporal lobe |
| Precentral Gyrus | where the motor cortex is, the motor cortex covers this |
| Postcentral Gyrus | Covering this is the Somatosensory cortex |
| Visual cortex | Covers the occipital lobe |
| Fornix | Series of nerve fibers connecting the hypothalamus to the hippocampus |
| Parietal Lobe | Lobe of the brain; somatosensory |
| Peri Aqueductal Gray Matter | Responsible for pre-programmed species specific behaviors, more functional in animals and located in the Tegmentum |
| White Matter | Consists of Myelinated neurons |
| Longitudinal Fissure | Fissure that separates the two hemispheres |
| Hippocampus | Critical Structure for forming memories and learning |
| Striatum | Collective term for the Putamen and the Caudate Nucleus |
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) | Relays visual information in the Thalamus (think of the L in lateral and the word look) |
| Fissure | A deep valley in the cerebral cortex |
| Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VPN) | Relays somatasensory information in the Thalamus |
| Basal Ganglia | Motor structure responsible for real spontaneous smiles (posture and motor functions) |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Disorder possibly resulting from over activity in the Basal Ganglia |
| Red Nucleus | Motor Relay Station; input from cerebellum or motor cortex and output to muscles and spinal cord |
| Locus Coeruleus | Regulates REM sleep in the Pons; ruler of sleep |
| Tegmentum | Part of the Messencephalon; consists of 3 "colorful" structures |
| Thalamus | Sensory switch station that accepts signals and sends them to other parts of the brain |
| Limbic System | The emotional part of the brain |
| Corpus Callosum | Structure that connects the two hemispheres; tumor in this area caused problems for Goldstein's patient |
| Cingulate Gyrus/Cortex | Large area in the Limbic System for processing emotion |
| Cerebral Cortex | Covers the lobes; most advanced neural tissue which is the location of conscious processing |
| Gyrus (Gyri is the plural) | a "ridge" in the cortex |
| Paleocortex | Most primitive layer of the Cerebral Cortex |
| Cerebellum | Motor brain; motor automaticity, balance, and coordination |
| Amygdala | Brain structure responsible for strong, intense emotional responses |
| Putamen | Excitatory motor structure;for deliberate movements |
| Papez Circuit | Consists of the Hippocampus and the Limbic System |
| Oxytocin | Hormone more dominate in women, responsible for mother child bonding, uterine contractions, breast milk production, emotional bonding following orgasm. Produced by the Pituitary Gland |
| Pineal Gland | Secretes Melatonin (which is responsible for controlling your Circadian Rhythm) |
| Reticular Formation | Responsible for arousal, attention, and maintaining wakefulness. Begins in the hindbrain |
| Pons | means "bridge" and disengages muscles during REM sleep. Anterior to the medulla. (People sleepwalking - malfunction of the Pons) |
| Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) | Relays auditory information in the Thalamus |
| Tectum | Contains the colliculi; also means "roof" in Latin. Located in the Mesencephalon in the Midbrain |
| Frontal Lobe | Lobe of the brain, for planning and motor functions |
| Telencephalon | Largest subdivision of the human brain; comprised of the Cerebral Hemispheres |
| Raphe Nucleus | Initiates sleep, located in the Pons |
| Hypothalamus | The four "F's" - Fighting, Feeding, Fleeing, and mating. Below the Thalamus and exerts on the Pituitary Gland |
| Inferior Colliculus | Orienting towards sound, auditory startle reflex |
| Neocortex | Outermost and most advanced layer of the cerebral cortex; comprises 90% of the cortex |
| Forebrain | On top of the Midbrain and consists of the Diencephalon and the Telencephalon. Most advanced part of the brain |
| Midbrain | Center of the brainstem, a little more advanced than the Hindbrain and located on top of the Hindbrain. Consists of the Mesencephalon |
| Hindbrain | Most primitive part of the brain, basically on top of the spinal cord. Consists of the Myelencephalon and the Metencephalon |
| Convolutions | Term for the wrinkled nature of the cortex |
| Occipital Lobe | Lobe for processing visual information |
| Juxtallo Cortex | Middle Layer of the Cerebral Cortex |
| Substantia Nigra | Produces neurotransmitter Dopamine. Processes emotion with the brain (dopaminergic pathways), means "black substance" |
| Graded Potential | An electrical Charge (whose strength or intensity can vary based on the intensity of the stimulus that produces it |
| Decremental Potential | An electrical charge that dies out or weakens |
| Synaptic Potential | An electrical charge that is produced from communication across the synapse (little gap between neurons) (graded/decremental) |
| Action Potential | The all or none firing of the neuron which is regenerative and self-sustaining (non-graded/non-decremental) |
| Voltage Gradient | Opposite charges attract to balance each other out, same charges repel |
| Concentration Gradient | Charged Particles like to be equally dispersed, the tendency for Ions to move until the regions they occupy are equal in concentration |
| Anode | a large organic Ion that is negatively charged |
| Saltatory Conduction | (from the Latin "saltaire" meaning to dance), where the action potential is jumping from node to node down the length of the axon |
| Axon(s) | Send info, they are the transmitters |
| Axon Terminal/Axonal Ending/Terminal Button/Terminal Bouton | At the end of the axon at the bulbs where the neurotransmitters are released from |
| Myelin Sheath | White fatty substance, segmented group of fat nodules covering the length of the axon, first purpose is electrical insulation, second purpose is to speed up neural production |
| Nodes of Ranvier | Gaps in the Myelin Sheath |
| Axon Hillock | Area where the Soma is meeting the axon, a biological decision maker, very critical, determines where a neuron will fire/activate or not |
| Microfilaments | Threadlike structures that form the skin/membrane of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | Clear fluid inside the cell membrane for substances to be transported within |
| Golgi Complex/Apparatus | A series of membranes that package up neurotransmitters |
| Microtubules | Facilitators for the transport of materials from the Soma to the axonal ending and vice versa |
| Synaptic Vesicles | Spherical membranes that cover neurotransmitters in preparation for the release, think of a bubble |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that serve as messengers |
| Anterograde Transport | Going from the Soma and away (think of A in away) |
| Unipolar Neuron | Usually sensory neurons, used for so called "contact senses" (for them to be in contact with what stimulates them), touch and taste included. Only one projection |
| Bipolar Neuron | 2 projections, sensory neurons, distance senses (ex. vision, olfaction) |
| Multipolar Neuron | more than 2 projections, usually motor neurons with multiple branches, used in the PNS |
| Association Neurons/Local Circuit Interneuron | Star-shaped Interneuron linking sensory and motor info., not for long distances (local communication) because of their small branches and axons. Used in the CNS |
| Projection Interneuron | Multipolar motor interneuron for carrying information across distances |
| Olfaction | smell |
| Gestation | taste |
| Purkinje Cells | Special cells that carry info from cells (projection interneuron) |
| Soma | Cell body of the neuron, contains the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Nucleus | Where DNA resides in the normal metabolic part of the Soma |
| Dendrites | Branches that receive chemical messages, they are the vehicle for input into the cell |
| Electron Microscopy | 1000x Standard 2D electron microscope, very high detail. highest levels of magnification. other variety is the scanning electron microscope which shows images from different angles so you can look at them in 3D, not as powerful as the 2D microscope |
| Myelin Staining | Shows myelinated axons once they were exposed to a chemical and dyed red. Doesn't show unmyelinated axons, can't separate out neurons, only shows where it is myelinated and where it is not |
| Anterograde and retrograde tracing | Injecting a substance into a neuron, neuron is either going to transport it retrogradally or anterogradally |
| Amino Acid Autoradiography | Used for tracing where neurons are projecting, anterograde tracing. an enzyme (amino acid) is injected, then it gets transported |
| Horseradish Peroxidase | Taken up by Axonal endings and transported back to the Soma, retrograde tracing |
| John Z. Young | Looked at squid axons, developed an oscilliscope (a form of electrical meter with a screen, microelectrodes put into the Soma or axons and view it on the screen), developed a technique to remove axons from squids for a short time to do experiments on them |
| Ions | Charged Particles |
| Potentials | Think of them as being an electrical charge |
| Retrograde Transport | Returning to the Soma (think of the R in return) |
| Neuroglial cells | Means "nerve glue", major support cells in the CNS, outnumber neurons 10 to 1. Has 3 major types. Located in the CNS |
| Astrocytes | Neuroglial cells that look like stars, act as middle men, conduits for providing energy for neurons |
| Radial Glial Cells | Special kind of astrocytes that guide the migration of cells during embryonic development (when brain is forming in an embryo). Located in the CNS |
| Oligodendrocytes | Neuroglial cell that creates the myelin for axons in the CNS, they have arms branching out creating several different sections of myelin sheath, can cover not all but multiple axons. located in the CNS |
| Microglial Cells | Neuroglial cells that act as scavengers to destroy dead tissue/neurons, act as a mild immune system for the brain, inflammatory response, located in the CNS |
| Satellite Cells | PNS support cells that function in muscle repair |
| Schwann Cells | Create Myelin sheath in the PNS for only one segment. This is the equivalent of the Neuroglial cells in the PNS |
| Golgi Staining | Silhouettes of neurons and that's it. Hard to see and differentiate what's what. |
| Nissl Staining | Developed by Franz Nissl, made a dye using cressy violet penetrating the membrane & binds to the structures in cells.Advantage - can see inside the cell, estimate neuron population by counting the cell bodies in an area. Disadvantage- doesn't tell where |
| G. Protein | Acts as an indirect first binder to open channels |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | System that resets the ionic balance of the neuron |
| Hyperpolarized | A membrane state in which the voltage is more negative than during the resting state |
| Depolarization | Describes the change in voltage as positive ions enter the neural membrane (voltage gets closer to 0) |
| Relative Refractory Period | Phase of Neural Firing in which the neuron can refire but it is difficult, needs a strong signal. Also, the membrane is hyperpolarized at this phase (-90 mV) |
| Post Synaptic Sub Sensitivity | A synaptic compensatory response that occurs on dendrites and somas to a surplus of a substance. (decreases the amount of receptor sites) |
| Post Synaptic Super Sensitivity | When the post synaptic membrane detects too little of a neurotransmitter, it will grow additional receptor sites |
| +30mV | Peak voltage during an action potential |
| Local Signal | Another word for a synaptic potential |
| Autoreceptors | Monitor and modulate the release of neurotransmitters on the presynaptic side |
| Reuptake | Process in which excess neurotransmitters are "sucked" back up from the synapse |
| Deactivation | Process wherein neurotransmitters are broken down to reset the synapse for future communications |
| Exocytosis | Process of releasing a neurotransmitter into the synapse from the presynaptic membrane |
| Presynaptic Facilitation | Process in which a neuron may enhance the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron |
| Presynaptic Inhibition | Process by which a neuron may reduce or prevent the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron |
| One-thousand | Number of times a neuron can fire per second |
| Presynaptic Membrane | Describes the membrane on the sending side of the synapse |
| Postsynaptic Membrane | Describes the membrane on the receiving side of the synapse |
| Omega Figures/Sites | Describes the cutouts seen after the vesicles leave when they pop |
| EPSP (excitatory post synaptic potential) | A synaptic potential for Sodium Ions (Na+) |
| IPSP (inhibitory post synaptic potential) | A synaptic potential for chloride ions (Cl-) |
| Spatial Summation | Process yielding strong local signals from simultaneous communication across multiple synapses |
| Temporal Summation | Enhances the strength of local signals through repeated firings and release of neurotransmitters from a single synapse |
| Modulating neuron | One neuron is affecting neural activities of another neuron, not affecting its firing through use of calcium channels |
| Active/gated channels | Chemical sensitive and voltage sensitive, Na+ (sodium) move through these and this is what keeps the sodium on the outside |
| Passive/non-gated channels | Open channels that are not chemical or voltage sensitive. Potassium (K+) moves through these, 50% more of these than active channels. can move freely, can enter and leave as it wants |
| What happens at each node in voltage sensitive channels to ions? | Na+ (sodium) rushes in and K+ (potassium) rushes out |
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