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Nervous system_1
Nervous system for massage therapy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuron | Conducts Impulses |
| Neuroglia | Support and nourish the neuron |
| Dendrite | Carry impulses to cell body |
| Cell Body | Contains nucleus Sends messages to axon |
| Axon | Conducts nerve impulses away from cell body Releases neurotransmitters from axon terminals |
| Synaptic cleft | Space between two nerves or nerve and muscle cell |
| Myelin | White, fatty tissue - Insulates the axon and allows impulse to move more quickly - Node of Ranvier are spaces between myelin. Gray Vs White Matter - Gray = unmyelinatedl. White = myelinated |
| Efferent | Motor - Innervate muscle or gland |
| Afferent | Sensory - Detect and respond to stimuli |
| NERVE | Bundle of axons |
| Irritability | Excitability - Ability to respond to a stimuli and convert an impulse |
| Conductivity | Ability to transmit an impulse |
| TYPES OF NEUROGLIA In the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | -Schwann cells -Myelinate |
| In the Central Nervous System (CNS) | -Oligodendrocytes --Myelinate -Astrocytes --Blood brain barrier -Microglia --Phagocytosis -Ependyma --Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Receptors | Mechanoreceptors Mechanical Meissner’s corpuscle --Light touch Pacinian corpuscle --Pressure |
| Proprioceptors | Body position Golgi tendon organ --Inhibits muscle contraction Muscle spindle --Stimulates muscle contraction |
| Nociceptors | Pain |
| Thermoreceptors | Temperature |
| Baroreceptors | stretch when full. Stretch out when overeatting occurs -Internal Pressure -Blood pressure |
| Chemoreceptors | Chemical |
| Photoreceptors | Light |
| Effectors | Muscle or Gland |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Brain Brain stem Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Cranial and spinal nerves 12 Sensory division -Afferent Motor division -Efferent |
| Somatic nervous system (soma=body) | Voluntary |
| Autonomic nervous system | Involuntary Sympathetic “Fight or flight” Parasympathetic “Rest and digest” |
| Polarization | Resting state Inside is relatively negative compared to outside Potassium inside and sodium outside |
| Graded Potential | Stimuli “add up” |
| Action Potential | Sodium floods into cell, creating an impulse |
| Depolarization | Inside of nerve cell is no longer negative |
| Repolarization | Inside of nerve cell becomes negative again |
| Reflexes | Definition: Automatic, quick, and predictable response to a stimulus |
| Reflex Arc | Stimulus Receptor Sensory (afferent) neuron CNS Motor (efferent) neuron Effector |
| Autonomic Reflex | Automatic Heart rate and breathing |
| Somatic | Skeletal muscle Withdrawal reflex Occurs in spinal cord Putting hand on a hot stove Knee – Jerk (stretch) reflex Doctor hits patellar tendon with a mallet Quadriceps muscle group contracts |
| Central Nervous System | Structures -Brain and spinal cord Brain -Brain and spinal cord |
| 4 main parts of brain | Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum |
| Cerebrum | Structure Right hemisphere controls left side of body Left hemisphere controls right side of body |
| Lobes | Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital |
| Cortex | ½ inch of superficial cerebrum composed of gray matter |
| Functions of Nervous System | Intelligence Skeletal muscle contraction Interpret sensory impulses Memory Intelligence Personality |
| Intelligence | Speech (Broca’s area) Language Logic Art Consciousness |
| DIENCEPHALON | -Location Inferior to cerebrum Superior to brainstem |
| Components of Diencephalon | Thalamus Hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | Most sensory information travels through here (sense of smell does not) |
| Hypothalamus | Maintains homeostasis Body temperature Metabolism |
| Location of Brain Stem | Inferior to diencephalon Continuous with spinal cord |
| Components of Brain Stem | Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata |
| Function of Brain Stem | Reflex centers Breathing, heart rate, vomit, cough, etc |
| Reticular formation of Brain Stem | Wakefulness (Opposite = Coma) |
| Location of Cerebellum | Inferior to cerebrum Posterior to brain stem |
| Functions of Cerebellum | Coordination and balance |
| Location of Spinal Cord | Begins Foramen magnum Ends Between L1 and L2 |
| Functions of Spinal Cord | Reflexes -Conduct nerve impulses --Ascending tracts ---Carry sensory information -Descending tracts --Carry motor information |
| PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES OF THE CNS | Cranial bones Vertebral column Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Meninges | 3 layers of connective tissue Dura mater (durable) Tough, outermost layer Arachnoid mater (spider mother) Middle layer Web-like Pia mater Directly covers CNS structures |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Fluid surrounding CNS structures |
| Function | Protect and nourish CNS “shock absorption” |
| PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) | Somatic nervous system (Soma = Body) Autonomic nervous system |
| Somatic nervous system (Soma = Body) | Spinal nerves 31 pairs Cranial nerves 12 pairs |
| Autonomic nervous system | Connects CNS to viscera Organs and glands Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
| How many pairs of Cranial nerves do we have? | 12 |
| Cranial nerves arise from... | the brain |
| Functions of the cranial nerves | Generally, facial senses and movements Blink, vision, taste, smell, etc |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have? | 31 |
| Emerging spinal nerves | -Dorsal root Sensory Ventral root -Motor |
| Rami | -Branches of spinal nerves -Dorsal rami --Innervate muscles of the back -Ventral rami --Supply structures on sides, front, and extremities --Form plexuses |
| Plexuses | Ventral rami combine and merge to reach a specific body area |
| Four major plexuses | Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral |
| Cervical plexuses | C1 – C4 Phrenic nerve |
| Brachial plexuses | C5 – T1 Axillary nerve Brachial nerve |
| Lumbar plexuses | L1 – L4 Femoral nerve |
| Sacral plexuses | L5 – S4 Sciatic nerve |
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | “Fight or flight” Functions Increases Heart rate, breathing, energy utilization Decreases Digestion, excretion, reproductive function |
| Neurotransmitters | Ach and (nor)epinehprine |
| Parasympathetic Functions | Increases Energy stores, digestion, excretion, reproductive function Decreases Heart rate, breathing |
| Neurotransmitters | Ach |
| Ach | Neurotransmitters |
Created by:
BAC
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