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A for M Patholgy II
Definitions, descriptions, signs and symptoms.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is hypertension? | the medical word for HTN is high blood pressure, which refers to the force exerted on the wall sof the arteries (blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart) as blood is pumped through the arteries. |
| What are the two readings for high blood pressure? | Systolic and diastolic. |
| What does systolic pressure mean? | the systolic blood pressure exerted against the arterial wall when the heart contracts. |
| What does diastolic pressure mean? | The diastolic pressure is the pressure exerted against the arterial wall when the heart relaxes. |
| What does essential HTN? | essential HTN refers to high blood pressure with no iedentifiable causes. |
| What are the causes of essential HTN? | Essential HTN has no identifiable causes. Idividuals are usually asymptomatic. Subtle signs are headache, excessive sweating, s.o.b. and mild ankle swelling may be present. |
| What is secondary HTN? | secondary HTN occurs due to some other condition, such as, cholesterol build up inthe arteries, kidney disease, and diabetes, suse of some drugs, pregnancy and hormonal disorders. |
| What is an example of secondary HTN? | arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis |
| What are factors due to HTN? | HBP causes the heart to work harder, may lead to heart disease. Stroke, embolism, and kidney failure may occur, especially if the condition is left untreated. |
| Cases of mild HTN dietary restrictions and lifestyle changes may lower the blood pressure enought without the use of medications. | Decreasing salt intake, follow doctor's orders/recommendations. |
| massage for HTN? | mild HTN that is well controlled, circulatory massage may be permitted providing there are no other contraindications. |
| massage for client's with HBP and on medication | circulatory modalities must be approached with caution. rigorous, fast paced massage may not be well tolerated. watch for signs that massage is not over-challenging the body. |
| What are signs to look for during a massage for client's with HBP? | Nausea, sweating, clammy skin, and edema following the massage in the days to follow. |
| Note: heat treatments such as hot tubs, steam tents, and saunas are contraindications. What is one hydrotherapy treament that can be tolerated by client? | Whirlpool. the temperature can be adjusted. |
| client with secodary htn | the underlying cause must be condidered before consideration of massage and at times physician consultaion necessary before proceeding. |
| what is the systolic/diastolic optimal blood pressure ratings? | <120/80 |
| Prehypertension? | 120-139/80-89 |
| stage 1 (mild) htn? | 140-159/90-99 |
| Stage 2 (moderate) htn? | 160+/ 100+ |
| Define a heart attack? | caused by injury or death of the cardiac muscle when blood flows through the coronary arteries is impeded or blocked |
| what is another name for heart attack and what does it mean? | myocardial infartion, death of the heart muscle |
| What are the causes of heart attacks? | due to arteriole sclerosis affecting the coronary arteries |
| signs and symptoms | chest pain, pain in the left arm or left sid e of the neck and jaw, shortness of breath, anausea, disphoresis (sweating), and lightheadedness. |
| Are all heart attacks have s & S? | there are no symptoms and refered to as a silent killer. |
| Are heart attack survivors good candidates for massage? | May or may not be due to current state of health, consult with client's doctor if unsure as to the appropriateness of massage. |
| What is heart failure? | a condition in which the heart no longer functions well enough to keep up with the demands of the body; damage to the heart muscle leading to inability of the heart to pump effectively |
| is heart failure slow or fast progressive disease? | slow. |
| what part of the heart does it affect? | heart failure may be left, right or on both sides. |
| what are signs and symptoms of heart failure? | chest pain, cold clammy skin, fast irregular pulse, coughing (especially when lying down) shortness of breath, fatigue, and edema. |
| what is apnea? | lack of breathing |
| what is edema? | swelling, feet, ankles, and hands |
| what is dysapnea? | difficulty breathing |
| what is orthopnea? | difficulty breathing while lying down |
| is massage contraindicated? | rigorous circulatory massage and hydrotherapy are contraindicated. |
| Why is massage contraindicated in client's with heart failure? | client's heart system is unable to accomodate changes in the internal enviornment |
| what is aneurysm? | a weak area in the wall of a blood vessel, resulting in a bulge in the vessel |
| what causes aneurysms? | anything that can damage the walls to the blood vessels. or can be casued by disease such as high blood pressue, or it may be due to a congenital abnormality. |
| What happens duringan aneurysm? | if left untreated, the vessel may tear and bleed into the tissue |
| what are the most common sites for aneurysms? | in the brain and aorta |
| what is another name for brain and aorta occuring in those sites? | thoracic and abdominal |
| abdominal anerysm produces what in a thin person? | pulsating mass near theumbilicus (belly button) and cause loss of appetite, reduced urine output, and back pain |
| thoracic aneurysms produce what symptoms? | difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, coughing and chest pain |
| in cerebral aneurysms? | silen, may be associated with headache and nurological deficits and may lead to hemorrhagic stroke. |
| what is hemorrhagic? | bleeding into the brain |
| what are signs and symptoms prior ot rupture of an aneurysm? | severe headache, nausea, vomiting, vision impairment, and loss of conciousness. |
| massage indicated or contraindicated? | Massage is contraindicated in a client witha known or suspected aneurysm. |
| Varicose veins | distended veins, usually in the legs, caused by vascular incompetence. |
| what is telangiectasia | spider veins |
| what do veins do? | valves in the veins help push the blood back towards the heart |
| what do varicose veins look like? | V.V. are dialated, elevated, often bluish or purple, cord-like veins that twist and turn. They are most common on the medial calf, but are also found elsewhere on the leg and thigh. |
| are heat treatments good for a client with varicose veins? | heat treatments that cause more blood to accumulate in the lower extremities are contraindicated. |
| are varicose veins massage indicated or contra? | varicose veins locally indicate massge over the veins or distal to the veins. |
| medical treaments for varicose veins | medical treatments include support hose, elevation of the legs and when possible surgery |
| what is thrombophlebitis? | inflammation in superficial veins due to blood clots |
| signs and symptoms of thrombophlebitis? | redness, heat, pain, swellin and itching along witha a hard, cord-like feeling of the affected vein |
| what are the causes of thrombophlebitis? | infection, immobility, oral contraceptives, pregnancy and cancer |
| what is deep vein thrombosis DVT? | dvt is a clot in a deep vein (most common in the calf or thigh, but may occur elsewhere) that obstructs or partially obstructs the flow of blood |
| thrombus | clot |
| embolus | A clot formed by platelets or leucocytes that blocks a blood vessel. |
| what are the risk factors of DVT? | immobility, injury, inherited clotting disorders, infections, inflammatory disease, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, cancer, smoking, and obesity. |
| sign and symptoms of DVT? | pitting edema distal to the clot, redness, heat and pain, client may be asymptomatic |
| what is edema? | an accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells, tissues or serous membranes. |
| what is pulmonary embolism? | embolism of pulmonary arteries, most frequently by detached fragments of thrombus from a leg or pelvic vein, commonly when thrombosis has followed and operation or confinement to bed |
| s&s of pulmonary embolism? | shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood. this is a medical emergency**fatal** |
| treatment for DVT or embolism | anticoagulants (blood thinners), thrombolytic agents (drugs that break up the clot), fileters and surgery to remove the clot. |
| blood clots | massage is contraindicated in anyone witha known or suspected blood clot |
| arterial embolism | may block the flow of blood through and organ or an extremity. Embolisms can lead to kidney failure, heart attack and stroke |
| s&s of arterial embolism | blocking blood flow to an extremity include numbness, weakness, bluish color, and cool to touch. |
| cyanotic | condition of turning blue |
| massage indicated or contraindicated for arterial embolism? | contraindicated with anyone with a known or suspected arterial embolism |
| what is diabetes mellitus? | a condition characterized by high blood sugar. |
| how many types of diabetes mellitus are there? | 2, type 1 and type 2 |
| What is type 1 diabetes? | involves the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas. the cells produce insulin which allows sugar to be used by the body's cells. when the insulin is not produced, sugar remains in the blood. |
| what is type 2 diabestes? | insulin is produced but the body's cells ae unable to use it |
| what type of diabetes is known as juvenile onset diabetes? | type 1, Insulin is necessary for the body to properly utilise glucose. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream. |
| what type of diabetes is know as adult diabetes? | Also referred to as adult-onset diabetes. More common in the middle-age, overweight individual. Usually treated by diet control, weight reduction or oral hypoglycemic agents. |
| s&s of dibetes mellitus triad: polyuria | excessive urination |
| triad of diabetes mellitus, polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| triad of diabetes mellitus, plyphasia | excessive hunger |
| what are other sympmtoms of diabetes? | weight loss, nausea, vomiting, etc. or a wound that is slow to heal, clammy skin, combativeness, inreased perpiration, dizziness and weakness |
| What treatments are considered in diabetes? | insulin or oral medications |
| what are complications? | poor wound healing and ulcer development, peripheral neuophathy, kidney disease, impaired vision, edema and cardivascular disease. |
| what is peripheral neuropathy? | loss of feeling in the extremeties |
| what is diabetes insipidus? | Rare form of diabetes in which the kidney tuberals do not reabsorb sufficient water |
| massage indicated? | ensure client is feeling well, has eaten and taken their medications as directed by their physicians and well hydrated. |
| can a diabetic handle a tough massage? | vigorously circulatory massage may place too much demand on the diabetic's system. Gentle, relaxing massage, avoid lengthy sessions. |
| open wounds | in diabetics, open wound areas of decreased sensation, or hypersensitive areas should be avoided |
| what is caner? | involves mutaion of cells, resulting in abnormal functioning of those cells. |
| metastasis | cancer can affect most any part of the body and sometimes cancer spreads from the original site to distant sites throghout the body. |
| s&s of cancer | depend on what type of cancer: abnormal bleeding, skin lesins, change in bowel or bladder habits, susceptibility to infection, persistent cough or hoarseness, lumps, swelling,, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and fever |
| treatment for cancer? | surgical excision of the tumors, radiation, and chemotherapy |
| are all cancers have treatment? | no, some cancers are inoperable, cancer in the head, abdominal, blood cancer |
| is massage with a client with cancer indicated/contra? | Do not massage over a tumor, swollen lymph node, or skin lesion it is contraindicated |
| are cancer clients good candidates for lengthy sessions of massage? | vigorous or lengthy massage sessions may not be well tolerated depending upon the client's condition and treatment regimen |
| What is Lupus? | an autoimmune disease where various tissues are attacked by the body's own antibodies |
| What are the 3 types of Lupus? | drug induced, discoid lupus erythmatous (DLE) and systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) |
| what is discoid lupus? | a chronic skin condition. it can involve round, red, scaly patches tht do not itch, and the "butterfly rash" is across the nose and cheeks |
| what is also known as molar rash? | discoid lupus |
| what is systemic lupus? | most common of lupus and most serious. affects the skin, joints, heart, blood, lungs, kidneys, and brain |
| is lupus contra/indicated for massage? | during acute flares it is contraindicated, it waxes and wanes. avoid lengthy sessions client may not tolerate well |
| remission of lupus indicated/contra massage? | massage is more appropriate in this stage |
| HIV/Aids | human immunodeficiency virus, that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| what type of cell does the HIV virus attack? | helper t-cells that are lymphocyes, a type of white cells |
| what do the helper t-cells do? | they normally activate other components of the immune system. by activating helper t-cells, HIV causes dysfunction of the entire immune system leading the body vulneralbe to infections |
| what else happens when the HIV virus leads the body to infections? | other infections occur called opportunistic and certain cancers |
| what is the t-cell count? | t-cells count drops to 200 cells per milliliter or below the individual is diagnosed with AIDS |
| what is the normal t-cell count? | 800-1,000 cells per milliliter |
| s&s of HIV/AIDS? | initial infections are fever, fatigue, headache, swollen glands, weight loss, and confusion. It is often mistaken for influenza. |
| what are the 3 simultaneous conditins that transmit HIV? | the proper enviornment port of entry large enough concentration of the virus |
| asymptomatic hIV clients | massage is indicated |
| acute infectious illness for HIV client is massage indicated? | Not appropriate |
| is the use of gloves necessary? | yes. advances stages, and always wear gloves when working with immuno-suppressed clients. always necessry to ensure thay you do not pose a threat to the HIV infected client |
| Ichthyosis | a rare disorder of unknown etiology (cause) leading to pathologically dry diamond shaped scales on the skin, usually on the lower legs |
| ichthys is greek for | fish |
| ichthyosis is associated with what disorder(s)? | HIV/AIDS,hyporthroidism, and lymphoma |
| Massage indicated? | massage is indicated if no deep cracking of the skin or open lesions are present. If there is an underlying disorder it must be considered |
| what is hepatitis? | an inflammation of the liver. hepatitis is most often caused by infection, certain drugs, or excessive alcohol intake |
| what are the 3 virus most common sources of infection? | Hepatitis A, B, and C |
| Hepatitis A | the most common and most easily transmissible viral infectionof the liver |
| how hep A acquired? | drinking contaminated wateror passed from person to persn via the fecal-oral route |
| s&s of Hep A | nausea, vomiting, weakness, fever, loss of appetite, and jaundice. |
| Massage for hep A? | contagious and massage is contraindicated until most symptoms have resolved (3-6 wks) |
| hepatitis B | passed via exchange of body fluids (primary blood, semen and vaginal fluid, buy may be passed via the saliva) |
| s&s of Hep B | acute infectin are similar to hep A, some develop chronic infections that may lead to cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer |
| Hepititis C | passed via the exchange of body fluids, blood, semen, vaginal fluid |
| s&s of Hep C | similar to hep A&B but jaunice is not as common |
| massage for hepititis? | acute hepititis from any source is contraindications for massage. |
| Influenza/common cold | both influenza and common cold are resporatory infections caused by viruses. Influenza is a more aggressive infection that may even result in death, particularly in vulnerable populations. |
| s&s of influenza | fever and chills, muscle and joint aches, nausea, and vomiting, cough, sore throat, and congestion |
| vulneralbe individuals to influenza? | very old and very young, smokers, diabetics and immune suppressed |
| what else are they at risk for with influenza? | dehyration and or opportunistic bacterial infections such as pneumonia - secondary infection |
| s & s for the common cold | low-grade fever, congestion, cough, sore throat, and ear pain |
| massage indicated for acute stage in respiratory infections? | Contraindicated |
| subacute stage of respiratory infections? | maybe helpful. steam is helpful in opening nasal passages and clearing secretions, but best left to physician |
| Pneumonia | is a general term for inflammation of the lung, usually caused by an infectious agent. viruses and bacteria are the most common causes of infectious pneumonia |
| s&s pneumonia | fever, productive cough, shortness of breath, and pain with breathing. |
| massage indicated in pneumona | contraindicated in acute stage but helpful in subacute stage |
| hemophilia | a genetic disorder resulting in prolonged bleeding due to absense of deficiency of certain plasma proteins known as clotting factors. |
| demographics of hemophilia | more common in men than women and classified as mild, moderate, or severe |
| s&s of hemophilia | easy bruising, prolonged bleedin after trauma, nose bleeds, blood in the urine, and joint pain due to bleeding in the joint |
| massage in hemophilia? | severe hemophilia, contraindicated mild to moderate hemophilia, consult with client's physician, light superficial strokes |
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