click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
NutritionChpt1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
carbohydrates | compound - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
monosaccharides | simple carb (glucose, fructose, galactose) |
disaccharides | simple carb (lactose, maltose, sucrose) |
polysaccharides | complex carb (starch, fiber, glycogen) |
maltose | glucose + glucose - produced when starch is broken down |
sucrose | glucose + fructose = sugar |
diverticula | caused by lack of fiber - found in the GI tract |
artificial sweetener | non nutritive, safe in moderation |
saccharine | 0 cals - not digested |
aspartame | 4 cals/gram - digested |
sucralose | chlorinated - body does not process (splenda) |
fortified | nutrients added (weren't originally there) |
enriched | nutrients added back (iron, thiamin, riboflavin, folate) |
daily values | FDA recommended daily % values based on a 2000 calorie diet |
food labels | ingredients listed by prominence in descending order |
bran | protective coating around grain kernel (nutrients and fiber) |
endosperm | starch and protein part of grain |
germ | the seed that grows into wheat |
husk | inedible part of grain |
whole grain | contains bran, endosperm, and germ |
nutrient claims | no implied claims, meets FDA approval |
health claims | reliable and verified by FDA |
structure function claims | not approved by the FDA |
digestion | process where food is broken down into absorbent units |
process of digestion | mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anus |
absorption | passage of nutrients from GI tract to blood/lymph |
active transport | moving against concentrated gradient (requires energy) |
simple diffusion | absorbed across cell wall |
facilitated diffusion | need active carrier |
nutrient density | the most amount of nutrients for least amount of kcals |
lactose | glucose + galactose (dairy products) |
lactose intolerance | inability to digest lactose - missing the lactase enzyme |
viscous | soluble fibers (decreases cholesterol, delays GI transit) |
non viscous | non-soluble fibers (accelerates GI transit) |
lymphatic system | insoluble vitamins/fat particles bypass the blood stream through this system to get to the liver |
vascular system | blood stream, nutrients are absorbed into here |
salivary glands | secrete saliva and amylase |
gastric glands | secrete gastric juices |
pancreas | secretes pancreatic juices and alkaline |
intestinal glands | secrete intestinal juices and enzymes |
large intestine | contains digested fibers, recycled and absorbed products |
segmentation | contractions (12-26/minute) that mix up chyme and put nutrients in contact with the lining of the intestines to be absorbed |
small intestine | consists of 1)duodenum 2)jejunum 3)ileum and performs peristalsis and segmentation - 10 ft. long |
stomach | churning chyme, pyloric sphincter, HCL acid, mucus lines stomach, releases peptidase enzyme |
esophagus | peristalsis pushes bolus down, sphincter controls the speed |
pharynx | nasal cavity meets oral cavity |
epiglottis | prevents bolus from going down trachea (choking) |
mouth | tounge, teeth, saliva, and amylase |
amylase | breaks down starch into simple sugar |
kcal | energy used by body (calorie) carb=4, protein=4, fat=9, alcohol=7 |
discretionary kcal | calories needed to maintain weight |
glycemic index | classifies food based on potential to raise blood glucose level |
glycemic effect | extent to which food raises blood sugar level in comparison to pure glucose |
diabetes | carb metabolism disorder caused by inadequate insulin |
hypoglycemia | low blood sugar (results in dizziness, shakes) - avoid added sugar |
glucogen | stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose |
fat production | excess carbs are stored as body fat |
ketone | inadequate carb intake leads to alternative source of fuel |
ketosis | disturbs body's acid base balance |
fiber | not broken down by enzyme (non-starch polysaccharide) |
sugar alcohol | 2 kcal/g resulting in low glycemic response - body processes slowly |
lab studies | effects of specific variables (cell, tissue, molecule) - animal and invitro [can be controlled but not always applicable for humans] |
cohort | select group observed over a period of time |
tolerable upper levels | maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe |
average intake | average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion |
recommended daily allowances | average daily amount of a nutrient consider adequate to meet the known nutrient needs |
estimated average requirement | average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biological/physiological function in half the healthy people |
dietary reference intakes | a set of values for dietary nutrient intakes of healthy people |
% from fat | kcal from fat / total kcal |
inorganic nutrients | no carbon (water, minerals) |
organic nutrients | contains carbon (carbs, protein, fat - caloric) (vitamins - no cals) |
epidemiological studies | incidents/distribution of diseases in a population (pro = narrows down cause, raises questions) (con = no control, can't prove cause/effect) |
clinical trials | human intervention - human beings who follow a specified regimen (pro = can control, applies to humans) (con = can't generalize, certain treatments prohibited) |
cross-sectional study | what and how much people eat as a cause for disease |
case control | compare people with and without disease by comparing diets |
condensation | links 2 reactants together |
hydrolysis | splits molecule into 2 (during digestion) |
gluconeogenesis | making of glucose from non-carb source |
scientific method | 1)observation/question 2)hypothesis 3)prediction 4)experiment 5)reults/interpretations 6)further study |
function of carbs | provides glucose which fuels most of the body's cells |
blood glucose | normally 70-100 mg/dl, higher after eating |
USDA recommended carbs | carbs 130g (45-65% or 3-12 tsp) and fiber 25g |
USDA food guide | fruits, vegetables, grains, meats/legumes, dairy, oils/fat |
GI tract disorders | choking, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, ulsers, belching, gas, heartburn, acid refulx, indegestion |
healthy GI tract | sleep, relaxation, physical activity, state of mind, healthy bacteria, certain food consumption |
reliable nutrition sources | RD, .gov, .edu, peer review |
health effects of starch/fiber | weight control, decrease risk of diabetes, heart disease and cancer, improve GI health |
digestion of carbs | amylase breaks down starch, disaccharides hydrolyzed into monosaccharides as glucose is used as energy (protein used if glucose is absent) |