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psych chap1-4
for test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stages of development? | 0-3 infant/toddlers 3-7 early childhood 7-12 middle childhood 12 and up adolescence |
| What is original sin? | From the middle ages, all children were born evil and in need of religious salvation. |
| What is tabula rasa? | 1800s by John Lock, all children were born as a "blank slate", knowing nothing. |
| What is Innate goodness? | Jean-jacques Rosseau 1900s, All children are inherently good. |
| What is contexts? | settings influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors. |
| name some differnt kinds of contexts? | Male, female, school, church and neighborhoods. |
| What is social policy? | Government action designed to promote the welfare of citizens. |
| What is culture? | the behavior patterns, beliefs, customs of a group, passed on through generations. |
| What is SES? | socioeconomic status, grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. |
| Name the 4 different steps of Scientific Method? | 1. Conceptualize a problem, create a hypothesis based on a theory. 2. Collect data 3. Draw conclusions, using stats 4. Compare with other findings, publish results, perhaps modify theory and stimulate more research. |
| Name the criteria of Observation method of research? | Must be systematic (what, who, when, why) Must be in a lab setting |
| What are the problems with observation method? | People know they are being studied, setting is unnatural, sample might be biased, some things are hard to see in a lab setting |
| What is naturalistic observation? | Real-world setting eg museum |
| What is standardized test? | A way to compare someone with others, eg meap tests. |
| What are the weaknesses of standardized tests? | not always predictive with real-world behavior, behavior varies on situation, not fair to all cultures. |
| What is the correlation method? | Attempts to determine the strength of a relationship between two or more variables. |
| What is a positive correlation? | High scores on one variable are linked to high scores on the other variable. |
| What is a negative correlation? | High scores on one variable are linked to low scores on the other variable. |
| What strengths do correlations range from? | -1 to 0 for negative correlations and 0 to +1 for positive correlations. |
| what are experimental methods? | a method where researchers systematically manipulate an independent variable to see its effect on the dependent variable. |
| What is an independent variable? | condition or situation that researchers change (treatment) |
| what is a dependent variable? | outcome or the result that researchers measure. |
| what are experimental methods? | randomly assigning subjects to either the experimental group or the control group to see the outcome. |
| What is cross sectional research? | compare different age groups at one point in time. ie 5 yr group, 10 yr, and 15 yr group. |
| what is a cohort? | a group born around the same time. |
| what is longitudinal research? | compare one group at diff times. |
| what is the disadvantages of a longitudinal research? | it can be hard to keep participants in the study over a span of time. Dropout rate can affect results. |
| What is nature? | genetic material inherited from parents |
| what is nurture? | environmental conditions provided by parents and society |
| what is behavior genetics? | a field of study that explores the relative contributions of nature and nurture to development. |
| what is dna? | a complex, double-helix shaped molecule that contains genetic information. |
| what is a chromosome? | 23 Pairs(one from each parent) that contain dna |
| what is genes? | short segments of dna. Genes direct cells to reproduce and make proteins that maintain life. |
| what is meiosis? | cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (gametes) |
| When is a zygote formed? | during fertilization with 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
| How many genes do we have? | approx 30,000 |
| What is a trait? | a distinguishing feature of a persons character |
| what is a genotype? | the genetic code a person inherits |
| what is phenotype? | an observable trait a person shows, resulting in part from a genotype |
| what is range of reaction? | the range of possible phenotypes that exist for a particular genotype |
| What is canalization? | genotypes that are rigid and aren't influenced much by the environment, eg walking, eye color etc |
| What is niche-picking? | the tendency to pick activities and environments that fit with our genetic predisposition. |
| What is evocative genotype environment? | when other people react to a child's natural traits, ie a parent of an active child enrolls them in sports. |
| What is heritability? | the mathematical estimate of the degree of genetic influence on a given trait or behavior. |
| What are identical twins? | genetically identical, they have developed from one zygote, they share 100% of their genes. |
| what are non-identical twins? | not genetically identical they have developed from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm. They share approx 50% of their genes. |
| what is epigenetic view? | development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment. |
| What is ovulation? | ova is released and moves down the fallopian tubes |
| what is fertilization? | sperm cell penetrates ovum |
| What is differentiation? | cells become specialized |
| What are the diff stages of prenatal development? | 1 germinal 1st 2 weeks 2 embryonic weeks 3 to 8 3 fetal week 9 to birth |
| what is implantation? | zygote embeds in the lining of the uterus |
| What major things happen during the embryonic stage? | major organs are forming, this is the critical period. most abnormalities at this point will most likely result in miscarriage |
| What is cephalocaudal? | growth proceeds from head to feet |
| what is proximodistal? | growth proceeds from center of body towards extremities. |
| what is organogen | each body structure differentiates within embryo. |
| What happens during the fetal stage? | dramatic change in size and weight, brain development, sex organs develop, organs become functional |
| what is infertility? | failure to conceive after 1 year of trying. |
| how many couples are affected by infertility? | approx 15% of the us. |
| what can cause infertility? | age, weight, untreated stds, etc |
| When are women at the greatest risk of having a low birth weight child? | when mother is under 15 years old or over 44. |
| what is another name for down syndrome? | trisomy 21 |
| what is an ultrasound? | common procedure that checks for abnormalities of organs, sex, position of fetus, multiple births |
| what is an amniocentesis? | recommended for women over 35 years, checks for chromosomal abnormalities |
| what is teratogen? | any substance or environmental factor that can cause birth defects |
| what is teratology? | the science of risk analysis |
| what is prematurity? | Babies born too early or too small |
| what is preterm birth? | baby born before 37 weeks |
| what is low birth weight? | baby born weighing less than 5.5 lbs at birth |
| what are some symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome? | head and facial deformities, damaged central nervous system, mental retardation (leading known cause) and hyperactivity. |
| How much alcohol is safe during pregnancy? | No safe levels! |
| What can cocaine cause during pregnancy? | preterm birth, malformations of brain, intestines. irritability, impaired sensory functions, muscle tremors. |
| what does cigarette smoking do during pregnancy? | causes low birth weight, hyperactiviy, lower cognitive ability and increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and death. |
| what can herpes, syphilis and hiv/aids cause during pregnancy? | birth defects, mental retardation, and or death of fetus or infant. |
| Can dads lifestyle affect pregnancy? | alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, toxins can all damage sperm, threatening the life of the zygote. |
| What determines the risk of teratogens? | timing of exposure, amount of exposure and genetic vulnerability. |
| What is prepared childbirth? | use of birthing techniques to reduce muscle tension and pain during labor and delivery. |
| What percent of women choose pain meds? | 68-95% |
| what is epidural anesthesia? | blocks sensations from waist down. |
| what effects do meds have? | it varies but low doses appear to pose minimal risk. |
| what are the stages of labor? | 1 6-14 hours, contractions dilate the cervix 2. 30 mins - 2 hours baby moves through the birth canal and is delivered stage 3. <1 hour placenta is delivered. |
| what is malpresentation? | imporoper positioning of the fetus |
| what is fetal distress? | usually anoxia or change in heart rate. |
| what is the solution for malpresentation or fetal distress? | usually cesarean section |
| what is the apgar scale? | an assessment taken within 1 min and 5 mins after birth measuring vital signs |
| what are the scores of the apgar scale? | >7 infant is fine 4-7 some concerns <4 infant is in critical condition |
| what is NBAS? | neonatal behavioral assessment scale |
| What does the NBAS measure? | done 24-36 hours after birth, indexes neurological competence, reflexes, and reactions to people. |
| what are the four categories of the NBAS? | physiological, motoric, state, and interaction. |
| What are possible causes of low birth weight? | cigarette smoking, multiple births, mom is over 35 years old, substance abuse, stress or induced to increase chance of survival. |
| what are the consequences of prematurity? | increased risk of health and development problems. |
| how can you prevent prematurity? | good prenatal care, healthy lifestyles, and progestin. |
| how can breastfeeding help a baby? | it stabilizes a babys heart rate, leads to weight gain, babies get more sleep, less crying, more alert, positive mood. |
Created by:
justy34
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