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Organization of Body
A&P Ch 1 PCP310
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Science of the structure of an organism and the relations of its parts |
| Gross Anatomy | Study of the body and its parts that relies only on what the eye can sees a tool for observation |
| Microscopic Anatomy | Study of body parts with a microscope |
| Cytology | Study of cells |
| Histology | Study of tissue |
| Pathological Anatomy | Study of diseased body structures |
| Systemic Anatomy | Study of the body systems |
| Physiology | Science of the function of organisms |
| Human or Plant Physiology | Organism Involved |
| Molecular or Cellular Physiology | Organizational Level |
| Systematic Functions of: | Respiratory Physiology, Neurophysiology and Cardiovascular Physiology |
| #1 Chemical Level | Basis for life; organization of chemical structures separating living material from nonliving material |
| Cytoplasm | The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell |
| #2 Organelle Level | Tiny organs within a cell that functions are to keep the cell alive ie. Mitochondria |
| #3 Cellular Level | First level that shows life, the cells differentiate to perform unique functions |
| Cells | Smallest and most numerous units that posses and exhibit characteristics of life |
| #4 Tissue Level | Cells are surrounded by a non living matrix, comprised of four major tissue types |
| Tissue | An organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function |
| Epithelial tissue | Lines the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs |
| Connective Tissue | Support, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body |
| Muscle Tissue | Composed of the cells that have special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts |
| Nervous Tissue | Main component of the nervous system |
| #5 Organ Level | Represent discrete and functional complex operational units, each with their own unique size, shape, appearance and placement in the body |
| Organ | Organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special function |
| #6 System Level | Involves varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions ie. support and movement or reproductions and development |
| Systems | Most complex organizational units of the body |
| #7 Organism Level | All the components interact to allow the human to survive and flourish |
| Integumentary System | Serves as the protective barrier against external threats, regulates body temperature and houses the sensory receptors for touch ie. skin |
| Skeletal System | Provides support, protects internal organs, allows movement and serves as a storehouse for minerals like calcium and phosphorus ie. bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons |
| Muscular System | Responsible for voluntary and involuntary, maintains posture and generates heat ie. smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles |
| Nervous System | Coordinates and controls bodily functions, relays messages through electrical impulse, and plays a vital roles in sensory perception, motor control and cognition ie. brain and nerves |
| Cardiovascular System | Helps regulate body temperature, pH levels and electrolyte balance. Uses heart, blood and blood vessels to transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body |
| Lymphatic/Immune System | Aids in immunity by filtering and returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and transporting fatty acids from the digestive system ie. lymph nodes, spleen and thymus |
| Respiratory System | Facilities the exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. Comprised of the lungs, trachea, bronchi and diaphragm |
| Digestive System | Processes and breaks down food into nutrients for absorption and eliminates waste through defecation ie. mouth, stomach and intestines |
| Urinary System | Filters blood, removes waste products, regulates fluid balance and assists in maintaining proper electrolyte levels and blood pressure ie. kidneys and bladder |
| Endocrine System | Produces hormones that regulate bodily functions such as growth and metabolism ie. glands such as pituitary and adrenal glands |
| Reproductive System | Enables production of gametes necessary for reproduction ie. testes and ovaries |
| Anatomical Position | Main reference position when describing the body ie. head and feet pointing forward, arms at side with palms forward |
| Bilateral Symmetry | left and right side of body are mirror images |
| Ipsilateral | Structures are on the same side of the body ie. left arm and left leg |
| Contralateral | Structures are on opposite sides of the body ie. left arm and right leg |
| Ventral Body Cavity | Anterior (front) of the trunk |
| Thoracic Cavity | Hollow space surrounded by the ribcage and the diaphragm comprised of two pleural cavities and the mediastinum |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | Large internal space that encompasses both the abdominal and pelvic regions (abdominal and pelvic cavities) |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | Posterior (back) of the trunk comprised of cranial and spinal cavities |
| Axial Subdivision | Vertical axis that consists of head, neck and torso or trunk and its subdivisions |
| Appendicular Subdivision | Vertical axis comprised of upper and lower extremities |
| Superior | Towards top of |
| Inferior | Towards bottom of |
| Anterior | Towards front of |
| Posterior | Towards back of |
| Medial | Towards middle of |
| Lateral | Away from middle |
| Proximal | Closest to origin |
| Distal | Furthest from origin |
| Superficial | Closest to surface |
| Deep | Furthest from surface |
| Apical (apex) | Towards apex of (most narrow) |
| Basel (base) | Towards base of (most wide) |
| Sagittal Plane | Runs front to back so sections through the plane are split left and right |
| Frontal (coronal) Plane | Runs side to side and divides the sections into anterior and posterior portions |
| Transverse (horizontal) Plane | Crosswise plane that divides the sections into upper and lower portions |
Created by:
SeanMcGee
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