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APUSH Per 7
APUSH Per 7 1890-1945
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Imperialism | expansion of empire |
| What did America purchase this era? | Alaska for 7.2 million dollars |
| Imperialism view on expansion | wanted access to new raw materials and wanted to secure new markets for American made good; Social Darwinism |
| Racial motivations for expansion | Josiah Strong's book "Our Count: It's possible future and Present Crisis |
| Josiah Strong's argument | That white white anglo-saxon race was the pinnacle of human evolution and therefore was the fittest to survive; argued that it was a Christians duty to expand white culture |
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | published a book called "The Influence of Sea Power on history"; argued for a navy for American expansion |
| What was Congress response to Mahan? | They agreed and approved the construction of a massive new steel fleet of ships |
| Anti-imperialist camp | argued self determination; argued that if america began taking over less powerful countries, they would be robbed of self-determination; argued that America was isolationist |
| Self determination | is the idea that a nation should be able to decide for itself who ruled it and what laws were passed |
| Main debates between ant-imperialists and imperialists | did the Constitution follow the flag? EX: if the American flag was put on Filipino soil, did that grant them American rights and privileges? |
| anti-imperialists argued that the constitution.. | should follow the flag; not because they wanted other nations to gain constitutional rights |
| What territory did America want to conquer now? | Cuba which was a Spanish imperial colony |
| Yellow Journalism | a type of journalism that does not report much real news with facts |
| How did YJ contribute to the Spanish-American war? | published stories that exaggerate the atrocities committed by the Spanish against the Cubans which made many people that America must intervene in Cuba |
| The u.s. had naval presence ... | in cuba |
| How did the S & A war begin? | In 1898 with the explosion of the U.S.S Maine in Havana Harbor |
| What did YJ claim about the explosion? | Claimed that the explosion was ignited by the Spanish; was actually accidental.. |
| What did president McKinley do? | He issued an ultimatum to Spain: back off or we go to war; Spain agreed with the demand |
| What did the War make America? | It made it get into the imperial society |
| Effects of the war | Cuba did gain independence but was now controlled by the US; annexation of the Philippines |
| Platt Amendment | Allowed the US to intervene militarily in Cuba If American economic interest were threatened |
| What did this amendment do to Cuba? | Made it super difficult for the Cuban government to conduct its own foreign policy and manage its foreign debts that benefited their own interests. |
| Annexation of the Philippines | Theodore Roosevelt sent next navy ships to the Philippines and began bombarding the Spanish fleet stationed there. then they allied with Filipino nations and mounted a land invasion. |
| What did the Philippines think the US was doing at first? | To help them achieve independence but it was sent to be seen that that was not the case; they just traded one imperial power for another |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain; leader of Filipinos who wanted independence from the US. |
| Independence from the US | War lasted 3 years; US held onto the Philippines until after WWII |
| Problem with the Philippines? | It was really far away from the US; US wanted to conquer Hawaii to keep them close...? |
| Annexation of Hawaii | ... |
| Open Door Policy | The Open Door Policy stated that all nations, including the United States, could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market |
| Progressive Era | was a period in the United States during the early 20th century of widespread social activism and political reform across the country that focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste, and inefficiency. |
| Progressive causes | worked on issues regarding the growing power of big business and uncertainties in the economy. Worked on issues like the increasingly violent conflicts between labor groups and their employees and also wanted to break control of the political machines, |
| Progressive causes | wanted to take on Jim crow segregation in the South, secure the right of women to vote, and to deal with the problem of alcohol |
| People who were progressive | protestants church leaders, feminists, labor unions, African Americans, etc. It was very diverse |
| What did all progressives agree on? | That all society on some level was deteriorating and the only cure was significant government intervention |
| Muckrakers | wrote about many of the social justice issues to the public; wanted to expose the corruption of america |
| Upton Sinclair's The Jungle | exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry; had very vivid imagery and photos in the book |
| Ida Tarbell | exposed John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company |
| Jacob Riis | was a photo journalist whose book, "How the Other Half Lives" exposed the unsanitary and disease ridden living conditions of the poor and working class who lived in NY tenements. |
| What was their[ progressives] goal? | to shine light on the corruption in their society; they hoped that such exposure would influence the people to put pressure on those in the halls of power to make changes. |
| The expansion of democracy | progressives wanted to pout more for the voting power back into the hands of the people; secret ballot |
| Secret ballot | the voting could be done in secret |
| Why was the secret ballot established? | PMs shared out their favors to the members of the community for exchange of their vote. People voted In Front of the bosses so they had to keep their promise. The Secret ballot was introduced to cut of the power of political machines and corruption |
| Direct Election of Senators | senators are elected by the state legislatures |
| why was the direct election of senators/17th amendment passed? | Because senators in the Gilded Age were not elected by citizens but rather by big business corporations. They were very corrupt |
| 17th amendment | which transferred the responsibility of electing senators from the state legislatures into the hands of the people |
| 18th amendment | forbade the manufacture and sale of alcohol; largely women fought for this; didn't change much |
| Anti-Saloon League/American Temperance Society | protested for the 18th amendment |
| 19th amendment | recognized women's right to vote |
| Legislative reforms | the initiative, the referendum, and the recall; these were all answers to a basi problem; one a politician was elected they could decide, if they wanted to, to ignore the will of the people |
| Initiative | Voters could require legislators to consider a bill that they chose to ignore; people could say a certain thing needs to be a law |
| Referendum | Voters themselves could vote on the adoption of proposed laws; many states enacted referenda on things like women's suffrage and prohibition of alcohol |
| Recall | A way to remove a corrupt politician before their term was complete |
| Difference between the Gilded Age and the Progressive era | In the GA the government left people helpless while the PE the people received their power back |
| Fredrick Taylor | Published a book advocating scientific management; went to factories with a stopwatch and timed every little detail of a person's workflow; went back to management and gave recommendations for saving time and this increasing productivity and earning + $ |
| Scientific management | the idea was to make factory work more efficient; worked wonderfully |
| Black progressives | sought to end racial segregation and discrimination |
| Niagara Movement | led by W.E.B DuBois who organized this group with other Black intellectuals who planned protests and acts that would secure rights for the black population |
| NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) | aims were to abolish all forms of segregation and expand educational opportunities for black children |
| Progressiveness in political aspects | Teddy Roosevelts; ran on a program named the square deal |
| Square Deal | President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. |
| Anthracite Coal Strike | Theodore invited both the business leaders and the minors to the white House to prove that he would take neither side, instead he worked for a square deal for both |
| Trust Buster and Sherman Antitrust act | broke up monopolies businesses |
| Upton Sinclair's the Jungle influence on Theodore.. | People were uproaring about their horrible meat sanitation and Theodore led Congress to pass two laws; Pure Food and Drug Act, and the Meat Inspection Act |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | assured consumer that their meat was sanitary |
| Meat Inspection Act | assured consumers meat packing plants would conform to a minimum standard of sanitation |
| Conservation | Theodore used the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to reserve 140 million acres of unspoiled land. |
| WWI | . |
| Triple Entente | Britain, Russia and France known as allied powers |
| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy known as central powers |
| America was.... | neutral during this time |
| Sinking of Lusitania | Germans had a bad habit of using submarines to sink ship, military, or others that entered the war zone around British isles. Germans sunk the Lusitania |
| What did America do? ^^^ | Were enraged but kept neutrality |
| What did Germany keep doing and what did America do? | Germany kept singing ships and the US threatened to break diplomatic relations with Germany |
| Germany did what in regards to the USA's threat? | They backed off |
| German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | Started sinking all ships AGAIN |
| America.... | stayed neutral |
| What crushed American neutrality? | the interception of the Zimmermann telegram |
| The Zimmermann Telegram | was a note sent to Mexico which solicited them to start war with the US |
| What did Germany want to help Mexico do? | Help regain the land it lost in the Mexican American war |
| Did the plan go through? ^^ | No, The US intercepted that telegram and discovered Germany's hostile intention towards them |
| Woodrow Wilson asked.... | Congress for a declaration of war against Germany |
| American Expeditionary Forces | Plugged up weakness of the French British lines |
| How did US entry help their allies? | Effectively tipped the balance of the war in favor of the Allies |
| Treaty of Versailles | war ended |
| Woodrow Wilson argument for going to war? | Was to make the world safe for democracy |
| Woodrow Wilson in the Treaty of Versailles | Britain and France wanted Germany to suffer for have started the war but Wilson could see that a stable Europe required Germany and so revenge wouldn't do. He established |
| The Fourteen Points | provisions for the freedoms of the seas and the self determination of nations, establishment of a league of nations |
| League of Nations | Worldwide representative body where countries could negotiate their problems instead of going to war |
| so what was the conclusion with of the Treaty? | Wilson fell sick and Germany and France got their revenge on Germany but eh League of Nations was created |
| League of Nations passed? | Congress refused to ratify it |
| WWI was a... | total war which means that they mobilized muci of their economic,industrial, and social resources in order to win |
| Taylorism | established wartime agencies that operated with progressive efficiency |
| War Industries Board | coordinated labor and management to keep factories pumping out war-related materials like uniforms,armaments,etc |
| Food Administration | ensured that food production was sufficient both for the troops and the folks at home |
| Were people happy the US was getting into war? | No, they didn't like that the US used all its assets to fight in a European war. They spoke out against it and the federal government restricted some forms of freedom of speech |
| Espionage Act and the Sedition Act | basically made it a crime to oppose the war or interfere with the draft or even say anything disloyal about the War effort |
| Schenck v US | Schenck and some other men wrote up a pamphlet arguing young men to resist the draft; he was arrested and the appeal made it to the Supreme court |
| What did the court say? | the court upheld this restriction of civil liberties because, freedom of speech is not absolute; when speech constitutes as "clear and present danger' then it is constitutional for it to be silenced |
| Spanish flu | Americans were dying from the thousands from this flu virus |
| What did the government do regarding the Spanish flu? | sought to forbid publications that revealed the true death toll and the danger of the illness |
| Red Scare | American began to fear a communist infiltration after the Russian Revolution was successful half a world way. This fear led to xenophobia which led to further immigrant restrictions |
| Palmer raids | Palmer tasked J. Edgar Hoover to secretly gather information of suspected radicals. Ordered the mass arrest of socialist,radicals,labor union leaders, and others |
| Immigration | immigration from European countries reached its peak before WWI; began during the Gilded Age |
| Nativism | again... |
| Emergency Quota Act of 1921 | these taken together set the quotas for accepting new immigrants from southern and Eastern Europe and Asia |
| Migration | the Great Migration |
| The Great Migration | in which huge portions of southern back population migrated to the urban industrial centers of the north |
| Main reason to move north.. | was to escape the oppressive atmosphere of southern society in which they were treated like second class citizens and to find jobs. |
| Chicago and NY labor needed... | workers since their jobs were maintained by a lot of immigrants but immigrants quotas took away many of them. Black migrants took their spots instead |
| Did Black migration experience discrimination in the north? | Yes, Tulsa Race riots/Tulsa Massacre |
| Tulsa Massacre | began because a white women claimed a black shoe shine assaulted her. a white mob assembled to lynch the young man, but an opposing group of black folks rose up to intervene |
| Result of Tulsa Massacre? | the mass destruction of property in black neighborhoods |
| 1920s technology | YAYYY!!!! |
| Henry Ford | Ford made automobiles; mass produced Model T. |
| Assembly line | breaking down the production process into smaller, specialized tasks that were performed by individual workers;so efficient it drove the price of the finished car so low that those who built cars from start to finsih couldn;t compete |
| Unskilled workers.... | replaced skilled workers in the assembly line |
| What influenced/helped the assembly line? | the Scientific management |
| Automobiles | were so popular; 80% of all Americans owned an automobile |
| how did automobiles change the society? | many of American settled outside urban centers in suburbs, it became an American thing to own a car, roads were dominating urban features, made transportation easier |
| Many Americans standard of living... | rose during this decade |
| Advertising | Sigmund Freud's studies on human psychology, advertisers learned how to tap into a costumers subconscious |
| other appliances that were popular | washing machines, vacuums, for women. Radios for communication; made it easier to listen to news,music,shows,etc. TV's; brocatsed the same programs but was entertaining |
| Popular culture | Cinema and the Radio |
| Radio | communication, made it easier to listen to news,music,shows, etc. There were under 600 official radio broadcasters |
| Cinemas | became super popular in American society; helped the economy a lot because they sold so many tickets; moves synchronized sound and music |
| Rational cultural differences | very few radio shows or movies depicted the black experience in America; and many depicted only urban life and not rural life. |
| National culture | was toxic. it became the look that a "standard American" had a car,radios,washing, machines, vacuums, etc and if you didn't you weren't "American" |
| new opportunities for women | jobs like nursing and teaching, unskilled labor jobs in factories; paid a fraction of the wage the men were getting paid |
| Flappers | women who had short hair,short skirts, smoked and drank in public; were a symbol of women's liberation during the 20's |
| International immigrants | nativist again like; |
| What influenced/helped the assembly line? | the Scientific management |
| Automobiles | were so popular; 80% of all Americans owned an automobile |
| how did automobiles change the society? | many of American settled outside urban centers in suburbs, it became an American thing to own a car, roads were dominating urban features, made transportation easier |
| Many Americans standard of living... | rose during this decade |
| Advertising | Sigmund Freud's studies on human psychology, advertisers learned how to tap into a costumers subconscious |
| other appliances that were popular | washing machines, vacuums, for women. Radios for communication; made it easier to listen to news,music,shows,etc. TV's; brocatsed the same programs but was entertaining |
| Popular culture | Cinema and the Radio |
| Radio | communication, made it easier to listen to news,music,shows, etc. There were under 600 official radio broadcasters |
| Cinemas | became super popular in American society; helped the economy a lot because they sold so many tickets; moves synchronized sound and music |
| Rational cultural differences | very few radio shows or movies depicted the black experience in America; and many depicted only urban life and not rural life. |
| National culture | was toxic. it became the look that a "standard American" had a car,radios,washing, machines, vacuums, etc and if you didn't you weren't "American" |
| new opportunities for women | jobs like nursing and teaching, unskilled labor jobs in factories; paid a fraction of the wage the men were getting paid |
| Flappers | women who had short hair,short skirts, smoked and drank in public; were a symbol of women's liberation during the 20's |
| International immigrants | nativist again like |
| Harlem Renaissance | was revival of the arts and intellectual pursuits of the recently migrated black population. Birth of jazz |
| Lost generation | group of authors like F Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway. Their main themes were the pervasive materialism that plagued American culture and the waste of life and resources. |
| Division between.. | urban and rural protestants |
| Modernists | urban protestants; whose faith was large enough to embrace the changing culture with respect to general roles and Darwin's increasingly popular evolutionary theory of origins |
| Fundamentalists | rural protestants;who condemned the degradation of morals and they saw in the cities;they believed that word of the Bible must be taken seriously |
| Scopes Monkey Trial in 1925 | fight between urban and rural protestants because they took 6 days creating presented in Genesis 1 literally |
| John Scopes | the teachings of Darwinism was illegal in TN, Scopes taught it either way; was highly publicized proceeding. |
| As America watched the trial unfold.... | the general sentiment is that modernism had triumphed over fundamentalism |
| The Great Depression | The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. |
| Black Tuesday | Stock market crashed |
| what caused the stock market crash? | formers overproduced for several years and were in debt; stock market was also inflated due to risky investment behavior like buying on margin |
| Hawley Smoot Tariff | which crippled the ability of the US to sell its excess products on a global market |
| Credit | borrowing money to buy stocks or anything else; made a lot Americans into debt |
| Great Depression hit | poverty and homelessness rose and people began losing their homes |
| Hoovervilles | Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; |
| Hoover's beliefs at the start of the Great Depression | believed in laissez faire |
| FDR's beliefs | campaigned on the promise of heavy government intervention once he came to power , he did more to expand the size and scope of the federal government |
| Limited Welfare State | means that the government was going to take responsibility for the social and economic welfare of its citizens |
| New Deal | The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938. |
| New deal three r's | Relief for the unemployed Recovery for businesses Reform of economic institutions |
| Relief | Public works administration PWA, Tennessee Valley Authority, CCC |
| Public works administration (PWA) | employed workers to do federal infrastructure work like builds roads |
| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) | hired people to run electrical power plants which did work to control flooding and erosion |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | employed young men between the ages of 18-24 to manage soil conservation and forestry projects. |
| Recovery | National INdustrial Recovery Act |
| National Industrial Recovery Act | set of codes agreed upon by representatives from the laboring community and representatives from competing corporations . Established minimum wage, shorter working hours, and the regulation of the prices of certain petroleum products. |
| Reform | Glass- Steagall Act |
| Glass-Steagall Act | it increased regulation in banks and limited the ways banks could invest peoples money. |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | guaranteed people's bank deposits with federal money. |
| Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) | regulated the stock market and prevent bad behavior like buying on credit and insider trading |
| The Social Security Act of 1935 | provided a safety net of income for workers over the age of 65 |
| What did the New Deal do? | The New Deal as a whole transformed the US into limited Welfare State and seriously expanded the aims of modern American liberalism. |
| The New Deal was criticized by who... | both liberals and conservatives. |
| Liberals | argued that the New Deal did too much and some argued that it wasn't enough |
| Conservatives | criticized the New Deal because of the extreme federal overreach |
| A court packing scheme | FDR proposed a judicial reorganization bill; bill would allow the president to appoint new Supreme court justices for every justice that was older than 70 1/2 years old; was opposed |
| After WWi America went into... | isolationism |
| Warren G. Harding | "return to normalcy" |
| Isolationism in foreign policy | increase of tariffs, |
| The Fordney-McCumber Act | raised tariffs dramatically |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | which drove tariffs even more |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | a pact signed among 63 nations which tried to make war illegal ; was useless |
| Americans were concerned about.. | about the rise of fascist and totalitarian governments in Europe, Italy: Benito Mussolini Germany:Adolf Hitler Japan too |
| American stayed neutral | watched Japan invade invade other countries and watched Germany do the same |
| How did WWII begin? | when Hitler invaded Poland |
| what did some Americans argue? | for neutrality |
| NYE Committee | which presented unflattering evidence that certain American corporations had made a metric huge of profit off of Americas involvement in WWI and this led us into war. |
| Interventionist | who argued that it was foolish to isolate ourselves from the developments in Europe |
| FDR attitude towards war | he was deeply sympathized to Britain's cause. He led America to get involved in the war without appearing to get involved |
| Cash and Carry | FDR persuades Congress to pass a looser neutrality act that allowed any belligerent in the war to purchase armaments from the US as long as they cash and used their own ships to transport them |
| Destroyers for bases | US exchanged American destroyers for land rights on various British possessions |
| Land Lease Act | which allowed Britain to obtain arms they needed from the US on credit |
| Pearl Harbor | Japan bombed pearl harbor |
| What did Pearl Harbor start for America? | FDR declared war on Japan and Hitler declared war on America |
| How getting ready for the war changed American society? | federal spending |
| Federal spending.. | increased |
| How did WWII kinda help? | Helped to get the US out of the Great Depression |
| War production board and the Office of War Mobilization | created by FDR, automobile factories began producing planes and tanks; |
| What happened regarding labor? | labor shortage started because men were shift off to war; women were sought to start working in factories |
| Rosie the Riveter | represented women workers as both strong and necessary for the war effort |
| What happened regarding race during the war? | Black Americans joined the military to the tune of about one million soldiers |
| Double V Campaign | mean that they were working for victory in the war an victory against racism at home; NAACP encouraged black Americans to join |
| Race separation regarding military | Black regiments were still separated from white regiments |
| Mexican Americans .... | deployed for duty as well, fought as soldiers, also helped with planting and harvesting which was allowed by the government |
| Selective Training and Service Act | peaceful military draft in US history |
| Japanese Relocation | Japanese Americans were associated with the attack on pearl harbor and were hated and suspected as spies |
| Executive order 9066 | FDR ordered; which authorized the federal government to relocate over 100,000 Japanese Americans to interment camps |
| Korematsu V The US | The American civil liberties union represented Korematsu and argued that the forced removal was an unconstitutional violation of the 5th amendment; court ruled that the Japanese Relocation was constitutional |
| How did WWII change when the US got involved? | The allied group was even more powerful and a sort of fear came over the controlled group |
| American entry into WWII | Most of the American effort was poured into the Pacific theater of the war, largely because of Japan |
| Japan was winning... | against the US however two battles changed things around |
| Battle of the Coral Sea and the battle of Midway | as a result of these battles the US was able to push back the Japanese who had conquered a large portion of key,stargetc Pacific territories |
| European theater | .. |
| Tehran conference | meeting between Stalin, FDR, and Churchill; allied commitment to Stalin that US/Britain would open the "Second FRont" in the war against Nazis |
| D-Day Invasion ... | on the Normandy beaches of Northern France; planned to take France back from German occupation |
| how were the Germans doing? | Had already conquered and occupied France |
| What happened during D-Day Invasion? | Allied forces pushed the Germans back and liberated France; pushed to liberate Berlin too |
| Battle of the Bulge | The bulge referred to the strategy of driving a wedge between the ranks of the allied armies in Belgium and thus creating the occasion to defeat them; plan failed |
| After Hitlers plan failed what happened? | Allied forces began pushing closed and closer to Berlin |
| April 30th.. | Hitler took his own life |
| May 7th... | Germany surrendered, VE Day |
| Island hopping | basically the US conquered one island of Japan, skipped another one and surrounded one island and then conquered it |
| Why was Island hopping successful? | by cutting off supply lines, the more heavily fortified Japanese holdings essentially withered for lack of supplies. |
| How did the Pacific theater of war end? | By the dropping of two atomic bombs |
| What happens before the bombing of Japan? | FDR dies and Truman takes his place and the responsibility for the defeat of Japan was laid up on him. |
| Manhattan Project | a secretive test of nuclear bombs |
| August 6th 1945 | The US dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima |
| August 9th 1945 | the US dropped another one on Nagasaki |
| What were the divided arguments regarding the bombing of Japan? | one side argued that the Japanese would never surrender and a land based invasion would be extremely costly in terms of American lives. The other side, it was argued that these were civilian population |
| September 2, 1945 | Japan surrendered known as V_J Day |
| Consequences of US involvement in WWII | the US emerged from the war as the most powerful nation on Earth, creation of UN |
| Reason 1 why the US was deemed as the most powerful nation on Earth after the war | while europeans and Asians were picking up the rubble of six years of devastating destruction, Americans still had everything intact |
| Reason 2 why the US was deemed as the most powerful nation on Earth after the war | because of the critical role it played in the winning of the war |
| What will the US do with such powerful power? | Try to limit the spread of society communism |
| Yalta Conference | Dealt with how Germany would be handled after surrender & USSR pledged the enter the war with Japan |
| Marshall plan | a program in which the US offered a ton of money to European nations who were trying to rebuild |
| United Nations | an international peacekeeping assembly; to prevent future wars but had infrastructure to keep the peace unlike the League of Nations |
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