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APUSH Per 4
APUSH Per 4 1800-1848
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thomas Jefferson | 3rd president, was president at the time |
| Barbary pirates | mainly Muslim pirates and privateers who operated from the Barbary states. |
| What happened with the Barbary pirates and why? | The US government had paid tribute to the Barbary states of north Africa in the exchange in the protection of American merchant ships. This was a policy made by prior federalists presidents Washington and Adams. |
| What happened with the Barbary pirates and why? pt2 | However, Jefferson was opposed to paying bribes in order to engage in trade so he ordered those payments to be cancelled. so the Barbary pirates lifted they protecting and began to attack US merchant ships, |
| What happened with the Barbary pirates and why? pt3 | Jefferson sent the US Navy to fight back but as things began to escalate towards war, Jefferson administrations negotiated a reduced payment to the Barbary states. |
| Strict constructionist | a view of Democratic-Republicans; meant that they believed that the federal government was only able to do what was explicitly written in the constitution |
| Loose constructionist | a view of Federalists; mean that the federal government had a lot more flexibility with the written word of the constitution and therefore they could do a lot more that wasn't explicitly written in the constitution. |
| Louisiana purchase | encompassed 530,000,000 acres of territory in North America that the United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million. |
| How did TJ react to the Louisiana purchase? | He freaked out because he was a strict constructionist and there was nothing n the constitution that gives the power to the president to buy land |
| How did TJ justify the purchase of the Louisiana purchase? | By arguing that by owning the new land Indians could be removed further west and it would cut off European influence in the region and open up trading.Thi s and could also serve to further expand his loving dream of a farming nation. |
| Lewis and Clark expedition | Two men went to go explore the newly bought Louisiana Purchase; funded by the government; the exploration led to more accurate mapping of the territory, greater geo and scientific knowledge of the region and further diplomatic relations with the Indians. |
| John Marshall | chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; Marbury v Madison |
| Marbury v Madison | William Marbury, one of Adams’s last-minute appointees, had sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to certify his appointment to the federal bench |
| Marbury v. Madison backstory | Before Jefferson's election, the Federalists dominated the Congress passed the judiciary act, on his way out of office John Adams appointed federalists judges to fill all those spots and was of those appointments was to William Marbury, a judge. |
| Judiciary act | created 16 new spots for federal judges in the US |
| Judicial review | the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution |
| Marbury v. Madison backstory pt2 | Jefferson wasn't happy about that so his secretary of state James Madison refused to deliver some of those appointments. So the conflict went to the supreme court, led by cheif justice,John Marshall. |
| Marbury v. Madison backstory p3 | The court decided that under the judiciary act Marbury did in fact deserve his commission. |
| Marbury v. Madison backstory pt4 | In this decisions the supreme court decided that the judiciary acts were unconstitutional, which the process was called the judicial review, so Marbury would not receive his commissions. |
| What was the effect of M V M? | It created the important principles of the Supreme Cory: judicial review and increased in of the Supreme court; because of this case the SC decided that federal law overpowers state law |
| War of 1812 | was fought between the United States and Great Britain, primarily over the impressment of American sailors by the British Navy, as well as disagreements over trade, western expansion, and Native American policy. |
| Causes of War of 1812 | During this time, France and Britain were fighting , the US wanted to remain neutral but France and Britain kept seizing American ships and it annoyed the US. |
| Causes of War of 1812 pt2 | Americans who were moving westward kept getting into conflicts with American Indians and they became convinced that it was Britain's fault. There was also the problem of British impressment |
| When was the war of 1812? | June of 1812 US declared war on Britain |
| How did the political parties feel about the War of 1812 ? | Democratic-Republicans were very much for it and the Federalists were very much against |
| Hartford convention | Made by federalist against the W1812, discussed about how to end the war and even argued that New England should secede from the union. |
| What were the consequences that come along with the victory of War of 1812? | Created the occasion for an intense nationalism in the American chest, the end of the federalist party, despite the victory it did show us some of US weaknesses |
| Era of Good Feelings | It was a time of economic growth, territorial expansion, and a sense of American nationalism prior to the end of the federalist party |
| Marbury v. Madison backstory | Before Jefferson's election, the Federalists dominated the Congress passed the judiciary act, on his way out of office John Adams appointed federalists judges to fill all those spots and was of those appointments was to William Marbury, a judge. |
| Judiciary act | created 16 new spots for federal judges in the US |
| Judicial review | the ability of the Court to declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution |
| Marbury v. Madison backstory pt2 | Jefferson wasn't happy about that so his secretary of state James Madison refused to deliver some of those appointments. So the conflict went to the supreme court, led by cheif justice,John Marshall. |
| Marbury v. Madison backstory p3 | The court decided that under the judiciary act Marbury did in fact deserve his commission. |
| Marbury v. Madison backstory pt4 | In this decisions the supreme court decided that the judiciary acts were unconstitutional, which the process was called the judicial review, so Marbury would not receive his commissions. |
| What was the effect of M V M? | It created the important principles of the Supreme Cory: judicial review and increased in of the Supreme court; because of this case the SC decided that federal law overpowers state law |
| War of 1812 | was fought between the United States and Great Britain, primarily over the impressment of American sailors by the British Navy, as well as disagreements over trade, western expansion, and Native American policy. |
| Causes of War of 1812 | During this time, France and Britain were fighting , the US wanted to remain neutral but France and Britain kept seizing American ships and it annoyed the US. |
| Causes of War of 1812 pt2 | Americans who were moving westward kept getting into conflicts with American Indians and they became convinced that it was Britain's fault. There was also the problem of British impressment |
| When was the war of 1812? | June of 1812 US declared war on Britain |
| How did the political parties feel about the War of 1812 ? | Democratic-Republicans were very much for it and the Federalists were very much against |
| Hartford convention | Made by federalist against the W1812, discussed about how to end the war and even argued that New England should secede from the union. |
| What were the consequences that come along with the victory of War of 1812? | Created the occasion for an intense nationalism in the American chest, the end of the federalist party, despite the victory it did show us some of US weaknesses |
| Era of Good Feelings | It was a time of economic growth, territorial expansion, and a sense of American nationalism prior to the end of the federalist party |
| Weaknesses of the US | No national bank since the democratic Republicans had let the nation bank charter expire in 1811 and therefore it was very difficult to raise funds without a reliable source of credit. |
| Weaknesses of the US pt2 | With a reliable means of infrastructure and transportation they found it very difficult to move men and supplies for the war effort. |
| What was the remedy to the weaknesses of America? | Henry Clay's, American System |
| American system | By Henry Clay, It placed tariffs on foreign imports to build roads and infrastructure and reestablish Bank of the United States |
| Tallmadge Amendment | NY congressman, James Tallmadge, went ahead and attached an amendment to Missouri's application for statehood prohibiting slavery in the New state. |
| What did the Tallmadge Amendment cause? | It caused a firestorm in Congress and it almost to broke up the union;civil war |
| Why was important during this time regarding states? | It was important to keep the balance in the Senate between free states and slave states. |
| Compromise of 1820/ Missouri compromise | according to this compromise they would bring in Missouri as a slave state and then bring in Maine as a free state; thus the free state and slave state balance would be managed |
| Missouri compromise | They decided that the southern border of Missouri would he the line separating slave territory from free territory, below it slavery was permitted above it not so much |
| What was happening with America on the world stage? | In 1816, James Monroe was elected and he sent John Quincy Adams over to London to set some territorial claims. Quincy negotiated treaties that established the US Canadian border and established joint US and British occupation of Oregon. |
| What was happening with America on the world stage? | Monroe wanted to limit the influence on Spain on the US. He sent Quincy to negotiate the Adams-Onis Treaty, gaves us Florida & established the location of our southern border |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | Spain went ahead and sold Florida to the US and established the location of our southern boarder |
| Monroe Doctrine of 1823 | This doctrine established the western hemisphere as a US sphere of influence perpetually to be free of European influence |
| Whats going in America society and economy? | The Market Revolution |
| The Market Revolution | Was the linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which created advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation |
| Cotton gin | CG-a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton |
| Spinning Machine | Sped up the process of spinning cotton into yarn |
| Interchangeable parts | Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. |
| American System of Manufacturing | Basically you had water powered machines, the division of labor into small repeatable task performed by unskilled laborers and therefore mass production |
| What transformed trade? | steamboats; with steam power trading vessels could navigate up river and down river |
| Advancement in transportation | The building of canals; the Erie canal that stretched across NY state. Railroads replaced canals |
| Railroads | Replaced canals; by 1820s and 1830s railroads began; local and state governments helped this process by granting special loans and tax breaks to railroad companies |
| Effect of all this new technology? | American industry became more interconnected and interdependent than ever before and it promoted the growth of western agriculture |
| How did American society change? | Industrial cities exploded with population and diversity |
| Why did American society change? | From 1820 to 1840, like 2 million immigrants showed up on the American shores, mainly from Germany and Ireland. Many of them settled on the eastern seaboard and provided an expanded pool of cheap labor. |
| Why did American society change? pt 2 | Which further fueled northern industry. Others migrated west and established homesteads and farms on the frontier. |
| How did American society change? | Immigrants who stayed in the industrial cities transformed the urban landscape. they formed a growing class of laboring poor and they crowded themselves into hastily built houses,tenements. |
| tenements | poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived. In these crowded tenements sanitation was awful, disease would spread rapidly |
| How did American society change? pt 2 | Many of these immigrants were able to re-establish their Cultural institutions that they left back in the home lands. EX: Jewish immigrants established synagogues and the influx on Irish catholics caused an expansion of the Catholic church |
| Middle class | First emerged in the north and included folks like business men, shopkeepers, journalists, etc. With heir growing success they had disposable income which went leisure activities like plays,circuses,etc |
| Women | Were expected to confirm toa developing societal norm which was know as the cult of domesticity |
| The Cult of Domesticity | The idea was that a woman's identity and sense of purpose revolved around child bearing and making her home a haven for resist for her husband; the husbands proper place was outside of the home working. |
| Expansion of separate spheres for the sexes | Began to really take hold in American society; only a middle class and upper class phenomenon because the lower class women had to work to be able to maintain their family |
| Expansion of democracy | The only people who could vote during this time were property owning white males; so voting was for the elite but as the century progressed working men,farmers, all began to demanded the right to vote |
| Panic of 1819 | The first major recession in US history |
| causes and effects of Panic of 1819 | Irresponsible banking practices and decreased demand for exported American goods, especially cotton. Effects: working men demand the franchise |
| The Election of 1824 | led to a split in the democratic republican party; National Republicans and Democrats |
| National Republicans | Had a more expansive view of federal power and loose constructionists; wanted John Quincy Adams & Henry Clay |
| Democrats | Had a restrictive view of federal power and strict constructionists; wanted Andrew Jackson as president |
| Corrupt Bargain | Adams and Jackson were the strong contenders of the four. Adams stayed home and did camping for himself while Jackson did.Jackson won the popular vote but because there was so many candidates to choose from nobody won a majority of the electoral vote in. |
| Corrupt Bargain pt2 | In that case the constitution says that its falls to the house of representatives to choose president. Henry Clay, the speaker of the house, took his support to Adams and the house chosen Adams.Adams then named Clay as his secretary of state |
| Corrupt Bargain pt3 | Jackson and all of his supporters claimed foul and they called it corrupt bargain |
| After Corrupt Bargain... | Jackson and Adams faced each other again, Jackson advocated for himself and won. |
| Whigs | led by Henry Clay;Similar to Federalists in support of manufacturing, opposition to new immigrants, and Westward Expansion |
| Tariff of 1828 | Raised import duties up to 50% |
| How did the states respond to this tariff? | Northerners manufactures and Western farmers loved this tariff because it protected their industries. Southerners hated it because they relied on imported goods. |
| How did Jackson respond to this tariff? | Jackson's vice president, John C. Calhoun from SC. Calhoun hated this tariff and developed the doctrine of nullification |
| Nullification | The states had the power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws and if a state found a law to fail tests they could nullify it |
| What happened when Congress reaffirmed the tariff in 1832? | SC decided that they wouldn't pay those taxes and if federal authorities came to collect those taxes Sc would secede from the union |
| Force bill | Gave Jackson the authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law in SC |
| What did Jackson do to the National Bank? | veto it; thought that he bank favored elite over average citizens and as the man of the people he sought to correct that error |
| Indian Removal Act | authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. |
| Indian Removal Act backstory | The Cherokee nation had declared itself a sovereign nation within the borders of the stars. Georgians however did not see it that way to them the Cherokee were more like guests on the land . |
| Indian Removal Act backstory | Upon the passing of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee refused to be relocated across the Mississippi river and they actually challenged that law in the supreme court: Worcester v Georgia |
| Worcester V Georgia | Court ruled Cherokee Nation was sovereign and Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries |
| What happened after the W V G | In 1835 US officials persuaded a small delegation of the Cherokee to meet with them and sign a treaty. They signed it |
| The Treaty of New Echota | Exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi river and for all who did not relocate voluntarily the force removal began 1838 align what became the trail of tears |
| Trail of Tears | The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. |
| How did American culture change during Jacksonian presidency? | It largely occurred through language, philosophy, art, and religion |
| Language | Noah Webster and his publication 1828 of the American dictionary of the English language; this dictionary was used in expanding networks of schools and academy's and its chief effect was to standardize the spelling and pronunciation of American English |
| Philosophy | Transcendentalism; was influenced by European romanticism and its belief on human perfectibility Romanticism emphasized human passion and mystery, So Transcen followed all of this and emphasized the transcendent power and beauty of nature. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | First luminary of the Transcendentalism thoughts; believed that moral perfection could be achieved in the US |
| Henry David Thoreau | Moved to a cabin near walden pond and he lived there among nature for a year and made an experiment of human perfection. All his musings he wrote down in a book called Walden |
| Art | Hudson River School of artists painted romanticized landscapes in Ny and the western territories |
| Utopian communities | usually very influenced by European intellectuals and American values of democracy and equality. The Oneida community formed in 1848 |
| The Oneida Community | This group of Christians became convinced that the second coming of Christ had all ready occurred and therefore they must shake off the restraints of the kingdom of this world and live communally and imperfect equality. |
| The Second Great Awakening | Baptist,methodists, and presbyterians organized camp meetings. In general these camp meetings were relatively egalitarian,--included whites,blacks,enslaved,free people, men, women . |
| Charles Finney | Was a NY preacher ho spoke powerfully In a dialect and with images that common folks could understand. He was very popular. Finney and preachers who followed him were emphasizing the moral reformation of society |
| Temperance movement | Prohibited the consumption of alcohol |
| American Temperance society | founded by Anne Clergy; its efforts were directed towards working class men who abused alcohol ; their goal was the complete abstinence from alcohol |
| Mormonism | The church of Jesus Christ of latter day saints; founded by Joseph Smith who claimed to see visions from God at 18 years old; main idea is that all churches from America had started from the true teachings of the original apostolic church |
| Abolitionist movement | Is the movement to end slavery and liberate slaves around the world |
| Abolitionism | started to heat up even more now; William Lloyd Garrison newspaper "The Liberator" |
| The Liberator | He argued forcefully that white folks needed to take a stand against slavery by means of moral persuasion and not violence . It got many attention and created The Anti-slavery society |
| How did the north feel about the abolitionist movement? | Not everyone in the North was an abolitionist; northern merchants and manufactures actually feared abolish because of its potential effects on the cotton and sugar trade. |
| How did the north feel about the abolitionist movement? pt 2 | White working man in the north felt threatened by the prospect of abolition because that meant their jobs could be in peril. |
| How did the north feel about the abolitionist movement? pt 3 | Many women supported the abolitionist movement but they concluded that their status as women made it impossible for them to advocate so they concluded that I order to be more effective in their campaigns they needed more rights for themselves. |
| How did the north feel about the abolitionist movement? pt4 | so the cause of abolitionism and women's rights grew together |
| Seneca Falls Convention | first women's rights Conference in America and there they drafted the declaration of sentiments which called for women's equality in education, legal rights, and voting. |
| South | Plantations began to expand, profit went up and this created a wealthy plantation elites. Slavery became even more harsh but enslaved Black people still found ways to keep their culture going, example their songs. |
| South pt 2 | Slavery got way harsher because of the fear of rebellion from the slaves. Which became true in Nat Turners rebellion |
| Nat Turners rebellion | A black laborer organized a slave revolt in Virgina believing that God has given him a mission to do so and by the end he and his followers had killed over 50 white people. Turner and 55 of his followers were hanged publicly. |
| What did the Nat Turner rebellion do to southerners? | gave them even more fear of slave rebellions and so they imposed even harsher disciplines and restrictions on slaves |
| What happened to the soil in the South? | It started to deplete of nutrients because of over farming, lot of southerners farmers began moving west. Which brought slavery to the west |
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JuliR
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