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History Exam 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Great Depression | the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s |
| Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act retaliatory tariffs by other nations | legislation passed in 1930 that established very high tariffs. Its objective was to reduce imports and stimulate the domestic economy, but it resulted only in |
| Autarky | a situation in which a country does not trade with other countries |
| John Maynard Keynes | English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946) |
| Red Terror | The campaign of mass arrests and executions conducted by the Bolshevik government |
| NEP | New Economic policy in Soviet Russia to prevent Russia's economy from collapsing |
| Joseph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opponents |
| 5 year plans | Stalin's plan to build up Russia's military and industry |
| The Great Purge | A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin's power |
| Mao Zedong | (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. |
| Long March | The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. |
| Fascism | A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power. |
| Blackshirts | Mussolini's "gang" used to control Italy |
| Adolph Hitler | german leader of Nazi Party. 1933-1945. rose to power by promoting racist and national views |
| Beer Hall Putsch | In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf. |
| Nazi Eugenics | Deliberate policies to improve the quality of the German "race".Removal of undesirables such as mentally ill, disabled. State-sponsored euthanasia of physically and mentally handicapped |
| Anti-semitism | Prejudice against Jews |
| Brownshirts | name given to Nazi thugs who violently silenced anyone opposed to Hitler's ways; also called storm troopers |
| Night of Broken Glass | (Kristallnacht) German storm troopers killed 100 Jews and destroyed their homes and stores |
| Mukden Incident | A "Chinese" attack on a Japanese railway near the city of Mukden (had actually been carried out by Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese); used by Japan as an excuse to seize Manchuria |
| Comfort Women | women forcibly recruited by the japanese army to serve in military brothels |
| WAVES | Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the Navy |
| Anschluss | Union of Austria and Germany |
| Appeasement | Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict |
| Blitzkrieg | "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939 |
| Maginot Line | A fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border |
| Operation Barbarossa | Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. |
| GEACS | Greater East Asia Coprosperity Sphere |
| Pearl Harbor | Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war. |
| Magic | code breaking operation at the battle of midway |
| Holocaust | a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering |
| Kamikaze | Japanese suicide pilots |
| Cold war | A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. |
| McCarthyism. | The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee |
| Berlin airlift | airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin |
| iron curtain | A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries |
| Warsaw Pact | An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO |
| Truman Doctrine | 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. |
| Domino Theory | A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. |
| MAD | Mutually Assured Destruction |
| ICBMs | Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles |
| Yuri Gagarin | Soviet cosmonaut who in 1961 was the first person to travel in space (1934-1968) |
| John Glenn | first American to orbit the earth |
| Detente | A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. |
| Kitchen Debates | Nixon vs. Krushchev debate based on whether an American or a Russian has the better lifestyle. |
| Betty Friedan 1921-2006. | American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique". |
| Tulsa Race Massacre | took place on May 31 and June 1, 1921, when mobs of white residents, many of them deputized and given weapons by city officials, attacked black residents and businesses of the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma |
| Rosa Parks | United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913) |
| Martin Luther King Jr | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize |
| Josip Broz | Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war (1892-1980) |
| Prague Spring | The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968. |
| Vietnam | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. |
| Ho Chi Minh | Communist leader of North Vietnam |
| Afghanistan | a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia |
| Osma bin Laden | Founder of al Qaeda. He planned 9/11 |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. |
| Ronald Reagan | 1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldi |
| Balfour Declaration | British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI |
| Israel | A Jewish state on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora. |
| Gamal Nasser | set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies |
| Pan-Arab nationalism | this ideology wanted unification of Arab world |
| Anwar Sadat | Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981) |
| PLO | Palestine Liberation Organization |
| Yassar Arafat | Former leader of the PLO, who sought to restore a nation of Palestine in The Middle East |
| Yitzhak Rabin | The Israeli prime minister who agreed to grant the Palestinians their own land. In 1995 he was killed by Jewish extremists |
| Mohammed Pahlavi | shah of Iran overthrown by Muslim forces |
| Saddam Hussein | Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction. |
| Year of Africa 1960 | because of a series of events that took place during the year—namely the independence of seventeen African nations—that highlighted the growing Pan-African sentiments in the continent. |
| Algerian War | conflict between France and Algerian independence movements; led to Algerian independence from France |
| Negritude | Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements. |
| AU | African Union |
| Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. |
| Nelson Mandela | ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994. |
| F.W. de Klerk | the last State President of apartheid-era South Africa. Known for engineering the end of apartheid |
| Mobutu Sese Seko | He overthrew Lumumba, the leader of the Congo, and turned him over to his enemy. He renamed the country Zaire, and ruled for 32 years. He used a combination of force, one party rule, and gifts to supporters to run his country. |
| Mohandas Gandhi | Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. |
| Ahimsa | Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life |
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Indian statesman who was the founder of Pakistan as a Muslim state (1876-1948) |
| Day of Direct Action | called for by Indian Muslim League during Indian negotiations w/ Brits for independence; this was basically a day of Muslim demonstrations that ended in the Great Calcutta Killing |
| Pakistan | Islamabad |
| Great leap forward | Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years. |
| Great proletarian | Trying to preserve "true communism" in China |
| cultural revolution | Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. |
| Deng Xiaoping | Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. |
| Tiananmen Square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. |
| Anastasio Somoza Garcia | 1896-1956 president of Nicaragua he outlawed the communist party and allied with the U.S. |
| Sandinistas | Leftwing anti-American revolutionaries in Nicaragua who launched a civil war in 1979. |
| Contras | counterrevolutionary group in Nicaragua that opposed the Sandinistas |
| James Carter | negotiated the surrender of the Panama Canal Zone |
| globalization | Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. |
| WTO | World Trade Organization |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada. |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| UN | United Nations |
| global Barbie | feelings differ around the world about Barbie, Iran found the American Barbie immoral and created their own with robes and veils and portrayed her to be a submissive mother |
| Sara | Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act |
| Dara | Date Action Response Action |
| Rachel Carson | United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) |
| Biodiversity | the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. |
| Club of Rome | a think tank that popularized the Malthusian view in the 1970s |
| poverty | the state of being poor |
| AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| global terrorism | Terrorist attacks committed worldwide by international terrorist groups. |
| Daesh | Another name for ISIS that they hate because it is a derogatory term. |
| Wahhabism | A conservative and intolerant form of Islam that is practiced in Saudi Arabia. |
Created by:
kfhartman
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