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APUSH 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Renaissance | flowering of art and culture in central Europe |
| Columbus | opened the new world to Europe |
| Henry the navigator | Portuguese prince who funded that aviation |
| balboa | Spanish explorer who named the pacific ocean |
| Magellan | led the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe |
| Cortes | Spanish solider who conquered the Aztec empire |
| Pizzaro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan empire |
| Henry Hudson | explored NY for the dutch and English |
| Champlain | french explorer who colonized eastern Canada |
| joint stock company | pool of private investors who invested money into colonies |
| Jamestown (1607) | 1st permanent colonial settlement |
| John Smith | 2nd leader of Jamestown who kept it from dying |
| John Rolfe | colonist of Jamestown who married Pocahontas |
| Royal Colony | colony run by royal governor |
| Proprietary Colony | colony run by 1 private person |
| Pilgrims | people who wanted to separate from the church of England |
| Puritans | wanted to purify the church of England of everything Catholic |
| John Winthrop | governor of MBC who envisioned a utopia |
| MBC | largest colony and puritan theocracy |
| Great Migration | 1st mass movement of Europeans to the new world |
| House of Burgesses (1619) | 1st leg in the new world limitations: white property owner male |
| Act of Toleration | allows limited religious freedom for catholics, MD proprietary colony for lord Baltimore |
| Bacon's rebellion | rebellion led over high taxes and protection against Native Americans, burned Jamestown |
| Governor Berkeley | gov during Bacon's rebellion |
| Indentured slaves | people who pay for their shelter, food, and their trip to the new world by doing labor |
| Headright system | 50 acres of land for yourself and everyone you pay for, attempt by England to move people to the New World |
| Anne Hutchinson | banished from MBC and found Plymouth |
| Fundamental Orders of CT | 1639, Hooker's 1st colonial constitution, 1st written constitution in history that limits gov |
| Halfway Covenant | attempt by MBC to soften religious restrictions, |
| New England Confederation | mutual defense group made up of NE colonies (plymouth, MBC, CT, New Haven) to go against the indians and the dutch |
| Pequot war | 1st major Indian war |
| King Phillip's war | 2nd major Indian war created by the unification of tribes, ended Indian resistance |
| Mercantilism | economic system that seeks balance of trades between colonies |
| Specie | gold or silver |
| Balance of Trades | exports - imports |
| Tariff | tax on imports |
| Harvard | 1st university in the world, to train ministers |
| JP Zanger | NY reporter cleared of libel after accusing a royal governor with corruption |
| Triangle Trade | a system of transatlantic trade in the 16th century between Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
| Middle passage | slaves trip to the new world |
| Navigation Acts | must use English ships, via English ports, Tobacco to England only, and oath = smuggling continues |
| Salutary Neglect | crown leaves colonies alone |
| Salem Witch Trials | 19 people and 2 dogs executed for witchcraft 1692 |
| how long was the french and Indian war? | 7 years |
| John Locke | democratic philosopher who believed people are good and self government |
| Thomas Hobbes | English philosopher who believed people are naturally evil |
| Iroquois League | confederation of tribes who fought against the french and their Indian allies |
| King William's, Queen Anne's, King George's (1689-1748) | 3 wars that spill into the colonies between Brit, France, & Spain |
| Albany Plan of Union (1754) | rejected plan to create a mutual defense between colonies, Franklin tried to influence this by his "Join or Die" |
| Land Speculators | people that buy western land who start to encroach on Indian territory |
| Fort Duquesne | French fort where Washington and Braddock are defeated |
| french and Indian war (1754-1763) | 1st real world war fought between Britain and France |
| Balance of Power | no one European country would get too powerful |
| Edward Braddock | British general in charge of all forces in North America |
| George Washington | young colonial general fighting for the British during the french and Indian war |
| Guerilla Warfare | sneak attack technique perfected by the Indians |
| William Pitt | British politician who goes broke to win the French and Indian war, strat to take Canada, taxes colonists to assist in debt = bring out the American revolution |
| James Wolfe | British general in charge at Quebec who dies in battle |
| Battle of Montreal | last battle of the french and Indian war |
| Treaty of Paris 1760 | treaty that ends French and Indian war, France gives up all NA possessions, Spain gets every land west of the Mississippi, and England get all land east of the Mississippi |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | Indian king who led a rebellion against colonists who went to the frontier |
| Proclamation line of 1763 | king set line at Appalachian mountains to prevent and protect colonists from Indians |
| King George II | English tyrant king during French and Indian war and the American Revolution |
| George Grenville | Finance treasurer of England who taxed colonists to help pay for the French and Indian war |
| Deficit | Amount you are short in revenue per year |
| Debt | Obligation to pay amount of deficits added up over time |
| Patrick Henry | VA politician for independence “Give me liberty, or give me death” |
| No taxation without representation | James Otis, result of the Stamp act |
| Sons of Liberty | Group of American patriots who used terroristic methods in their fight for their rights |
| Daughters of Liberty | Colonial women who boycotted British goods |
| Non Importation Agreement | Colonial attempts to boycott British goods to force political rights/recognition |
| Townshed Acts 1767 | taxes on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper; revenue went straight to pay crown officials in colonies; also can search private homes for smuggled goods. repealed by Lord North in 1770 |
| Writs of Assistance | British could unreasonably search & seizure colonial goods and property |
| John Dickinson | founding father involved in several key documents, letters from a Pennsylvania |
| John Hancock | Famous and wealthy smuggler who used his money for the sons of liberty |
| Sam Adams | Failed businessman turned leader of the Sons of Liberty |
| Boston "Massacre" | 1st bloodshed of the revolution |
| Lord North | British Prime Minister who lost the colonies |
| The Gaspee | British customs ship that was looted and burned in Rhode Island in 1772, smugglers dressed as Indians order British crew on shore |
| Boston Tea party | Event where Sons of Liberty overthrew all British tea in the Boston Harbor |
| Intolerable Acts | name of the Coercive Acts and Quebec Act by the colonists |
| Coercive Acts | Series of laws passed by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party, Bostonians have to pay, expanded the quartering acts |
| Quebec Acts | organized Canadian lands gained from France; |
| Thomas Gage | Massachusetts royal governor and main British general at start of Rev War |
| 1st continental congress | Group of colonial delegates petition King George III of grievances 1. Boycotts British goods 2. Calls up militias 3. Reaffirms allegiance to Britain |
| Minute men | Colonial militiamen ready to fight in a short notice |
| Lexington and Concord | 1st military engagements of the Rev War |
| 2nd continental congress | Attempt by colonists to form a government, post office, army, and currency were created |
| Breed's hill 1775 | 1st battle of the Rev War & occurs in Boston |
| Olive Branch Petition 1775 | last colonial attempt to stop war with Britain |
| Benedict Arnold | colonial general who switches sides after a failed promotion |
| Thomas Paine | author of Common Sense, "is he in jersey?" |
| Ethan Allen | Leader of Green Mountain Boys who took Fort Ticonderoga from British |
| Thomas Jefferson | Main author of the Declaration of Independence and diplomat to France during the war |
| Patriots | Pro-independence colonists |
| Loyalists | Loyal to the crown |
| Stamp Act congress 1765 | 9 colonies meet in NYC; resolved that only their own elected representatives had the legal authority to approve taxes |
| Declaration of Independence | written by T.Jefferson; establishes natural rights for the US and declares independence from GB |
| Mum Bett | Massachusetts slave sued for her freedom after war and won |
| Articles of Confederation 1777 | Drafted by John Dickinson; first constitution of the U.S. which included state sovereignty |
| Paul Revere, Dawes, and Prescott | patriot freedom riders who warned the colonists that the British are coming |
| Von Steuben | Prussian general who updates & trains the Continental Army at Valley Forge |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French colonel who was G.W.’s right hand man who helped train the Continental Army |
| Thaddeus Kosciuszko | Polish general who trains the Continental Army’s artillery |
| Casimir Pulaski | Polish general who trains the Continental Army’s cavarly |
| George Rogers Clark | Patriot Indian fighter who defeated Br. Henry “the Hair Buyer” Hamilton |
| “Mad” Anthony Wayne | Patriot who fought like the Indians on the frontier |
| Joseph Brant | British allied/backed Indian chief on the frontier |
| William Howe | 75-78, – Br. general; Takes NYC & Philly; fired after Battle of Saratoga |
| Henry Clinton | 78-82, Br. general; takes over for Howe; focus is on the southern strategy |
| John Burgoyne | Br. general who surrendered at Saratoga |
| Southern Strategy | Br. strategy adopted in 1778 to focus on the $ colonies of the South & to untie loyalists |
| John Paul Jones | Continental Navy captain, wins in North Sea (by England) in battle of Flamborough Head |
| Francis Marion | “Swamp Fox”; used guerilla tactics to bother the British in the South |
| Nathaniel Greene | led victory vs the loyalists at king's mountain in SC, Commander of the troops in the South during Britain’s “Southern Strategy” |
| Henry Knox | Continental artillery general who brought cannons to Boston, ultimately moving the war out of Boston |
| Alexander Hamilton | Continental colonel & G.W.’s right hand man during the war |
| Siege of Yorktown | Last battle of the Revolutionary War where Br. general Cornwallis surrenders; effectively ending Br. support of the war in Parliament |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | Treaty that ends the Revolutionary War |
| Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution, Party that favored a strong national government, wealthy interests, and close association w/ British |
| Anti-federalists | Opposed to the Constitution, Party that favored strong state governments, small family farms, and close association w/ France |
| James Madison | Father of the Constitution and creator of the Virginia plan |
| Amendments | changes in the constitution |
| Duties | Taxes on imported goods |
| Popular sovereignty | rule by the people |
| Federalism | Political system where power divided between national and state governments |
| Separation of Powers | Government power divided among different branches |
| Legislative Branch | Made up of two houses of Congress; Makes the laws |
| Executive Branch | Headed by the President; Implement and enforce laws passed by Congress |
| Judicial Branch | System of federal courts; Interpret federal laws and render judgment in cases involving these laws |
| Checks and Balances | system which prevents one of the branches from becoming too powerful |
| Impeach | Formally charge a public official with misconduct in office |
| Sovereignty | power |
| Virginia Statute for Religion Freedom (1779) | Written by Jefferson; creates a wall of separation between church and state |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | 640 acre towns at $1 per acre where 1 section per town for public education, created under the aoc |
| Northwest Ordinance (1787) | sets up 5 states, 5,000 voters for a territory, 60,000 voters for a state, no slavery, Fugitive Slave Law |
| Depression | Severe economic downturn in the economy |
| Deflation | more goods than $ in the economy |
| Inflation | more $ in the economy then goods |
| Shays’s Rebellion 1786 | Mass. Farmer who revolts over high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money |
| Riot Act by Sam Adams | authorities can jail anyone without trial |
| Mount Vernon Conference/Convention( 1785) | G.W. held a conference in his home @ Mt. Vernon, VA; 4 states show (VA, MD, PA, DE). Agree that the AOC problems are significant enough to have another convention |
| Annapolis Convention 1786 | a. Setup trade agreements b. calls for a new convention and revise the AOC |
| Constitutional Convention 1787 | Meeting in Philly to amend the Articles of Confederation; attended by 12 out of 13 states -G.W. unanimously elected chairperson 9/13 to ratify |
| Virginia Plan | Calls for a bicameral legislature based on a proportional representation which included a Chief Executive; includes national sovereignty |
| Bicameral | 2 house system |
| Proportional Representation | idea that the more people you have the more representation |
| Equal Representation | 1 state = 1 vote |
| NJ Plan | calls for a unicameral legislature based on equal representation |
| William Paterson | Created the NJ Plan and champion of small states rights |
| Roger Sherman | Created the CT Plan aka Great Compromise |
| Great Compromise | current 2 house system a. each state would be given equal representation in Senate b. representation in the House of Representatives based on size of population c. National sovereignty d. Chief executive |
| 3/5ths Compromise | Every 5 slaves count as 3 people for determining state’s level of representation and taxation |
| Commercial (Tariff) Compromise | congress can regulate interstate & foreign commerce and place tax on imports BUT NOT exports |
| The Federalists papers | Written anonymously by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay in favor of the Constitution |
| Bill of rights | first 10 amendments in the constitution that guaranteed rights for every American |
| Cabinet | treasury: Hamilton, state: Jefferson, war: Knox, attorney: Randolph |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | established the supreme court |
| John Jay | 1st Supreme Court Justice & one of the authors of the Federalist Papers |
| Strict Constructionists | literal interpretation of the constitution (Jefferson) |
| Loose Constructionists | Broad interpretation of the Constitution (Hamilton) |
| Hamilton's plan | 1- pay off all national debt, 2- tariffs, 3- National Bank |
| Assumption Plan | Hamilton's plan to assume state debts |
| National Bank | Hamilton’s economic plan, safe unified currency, loans, and south will get the capital |
| Bond Payment | gov plan to pay off all bonds |
| Whiskey Rebellion 1794 | western PA rebellion broke up by Washington and troops over tax on corn |
| Impressment | British sailors kidnap Americans into military service |
| Citizen Gent | French diplomat that criticizes Washington |
| Jay's treaty 1794 | British agree to abandon forts on American frontier, treaty meant to stop impressment |
| Little Turtle | Indian leader who united tribes against Americans |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | Last battle of Little Turtle's confederacy |
| Treaty of Greenville 1795 | gives US power of Ohio, promises Indian land but breaks it |
| Public Land Act | established procedures for dividing and selling federal land |
| Farewell Address | Washington's warning on alliances, political parties, foreign affairs, and sectionalism |
| XYZ affair | 3 French officials ask for a bribe before Americans can speak to Tallyrand |
| Quasi war | unofficial naval war with France |
| Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 | 1) 5 to 14 yrs to qualify for citizenship (naturalization) 2) Alien Acts: pres can detain aliens if they are dangerous 3) sedition acts: made it illegal for the press to criticize government |
| Matthew Lyon | Republican Congressman jailed for 4 months for Sedition |
| VA/KY resolutions 1799 | by Jefferson and Madison, says that states can nullify federal laws they find unconstitutional |
| Revolution on 1800 | complete bloodless change of gov from federalists to republicans |
| John Marshall | man who made the court supreme; one of the most powerful Chief Justices over 30 years |
| Marbury v. Madison 1803 | A decision that was established for the first time that federal courts had the power to overturn an act of Congress on the ground that it violated the U.S. Constitution. |
| Judicial Review | court has the ability to declare a law unconstitutional or not |
| Louisiana Purchase 1803 | Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from France for 15 million (4 cents and acre) |
| Lewis and Clark 1804-1806 | led the expedition to map out the Louisiana Territory, Sacagawea was a guide |
| Aaron Burr | vp under TJ, who killed Hamilton |
| Impressment | when Britain kidnaps American sailors and force them into military service |
| Chesapeak-Leopard Affair | refers to the event when a British ship attacked an American vessel |
| Barbary Pirates | North African Pirates who held American Cargo |
| Embargo Act | Stop on international trade to stop impressment |
| Non Intercourse Act of 1809 | trading with every country but Britain and France |
| Macon's Bill #2 1810 | 1st country to recognize US neutrality we trade with. Napoleon agrees but is a backstabber |
| War Hawks | led by Henry Clay and John Calhoun, young members of congress who want war with Britain |
| Canada Canada Canada | war hawks' cry to the war of 1812 |
| Tecumseh | Indian leader who sides with Britain in the war of 1812 |
| William Henry Harrison | General who defeats Tecumseh's confederacy |
| Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 | Harrison's battle against Tecumseh's confederacy |
| Oliver "Hazard" Hayward Perry | Naval commander who defeats the British at Lake Erie |
| Lake Champlain win | Thomas Macdonough, forces the British to retreat |
| Battle of Thames | Battle where Tecumseh is killed |
| Francis Scott Key | Writer of the star spangled banner during the Siege of Baltimore |
| Hartford Convention | Federalist convention to determine the the future of the party |
| Andrew Jackson | symbol of the common man, general who wins at the battle of New Orleans |
| Treaty of Ghent 1814 | Treaty that ends the war of 1812 |
| Battle of New Orleans 1815 | Last battle of the war of 1812 that makes Jackson a national hero |
| Nationalism | Birth of American pride |
| Era of Good Feelings | time of prosperity |
| America System | proposed by Clay, included protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements |
| Tariff of 1816 | Drives up prices to support Northern manufacturers |
| Internal Improvements | Building of roads & canals throughout the country; paid by federal government |
| Second Bank of the US | set up common currency; hated by “old” Republicans |
| Market Revolution | Industrial explosion of trades & crafts & the beginning of mass production in America |
| Panic of 1819 | The economic disaster was largely the fault of the Second Bank of the US, which had tightened credit in a belated effort to control inflation. The depression was most severe in the West |
| Impact of the Panic of 1819 | Many state banks closed and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt sharply increased. Nationalistic beliefs were shaken. The economic crisis changed many voters' political outlook. Westerner's began calling for land reform. |
| Henry Clay | the great compromiser, kentucky politician, proposed the America system and the Missouri Compromise |
| John Calhoun | Flip-flop politician, great nullifier, vp under JQA and Jackson |
| Fletcher v. Peck 1810 | invalidated a state law as unconstitutional for the first time and determined states could not enact legislation that violated contracts |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819 | Protected the rights of business interests & upholds private property rights |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Maryland cannot tax National Bank out of existence due to National Supremacy |
| Gibbons v. Ogden 1821-24 | Greatly expands commerce clause and gives the gov’t the right to regulate ANY trade between states |
| Missouri Compromise 1820 | An agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state and Maine enter as a free state |
| 1st Seminole War | War by Jackson which gives U.S. control of Western Florida after series of border attacks and Spain agrees to give up Eastern Florida |
| Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 | Spain gets $5 million from U.S. for all of Florida & its claims to Oregon Territory and U.S. gives up territorial claims of Texas to Spain |
| Monroe Doctrine | foreign policy position that opposes European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere, written by JQA |
| Corrupt Bargain | an illegal agreement between politicians, Clay, JQA, Jackson, andd Crawford |
| Caucus | closed-door meeting of a political party in Congress or State Legislature to nominate a president |
| Mudslinging | Attempting to ruin someone’s reputation w/ public insults |
| Spoils System | giving gov’t jobs in return for party loyalty |
| Kitchen Cabinet | Jackson's unofficial group of advisory, Peggy Eaton affair |
| Indian Removal act 1830 | Forced relocation of Indians from States east of the Mississippi River to West |
| Cherokee Nations v. Georgia 1831 | Cherokees are NOT a foreign nation and have the right to sue in federal court |
| Worcester v. Georgia 1832 | Laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of Cherokee territory |
| Trail of tears 1838 | Refers to when the Cherokees forcibly left Georgia to Oklahoma ,under Van Buren’s presidency |
| Secede | withdraw from the union |
| Nullification | created by John Calhoun, theory that States have the right to declare a federal law invalid |
| Force bill | JAX tells Calhoun / S.C. he will bring in the military to enforce any federal law |
| Whigs | Political party started to oppose JAX (favored Clay’s American System) |
| Panic of 1837 | depression caused as a result of banknotes losing value, speculation of western lands, inflated goods, and closing of banks |
| William Henry Harrison | Former governor, war hero, and Whig President who dies after 32 days due to pneumonia |
| John Tyler | V.A. politician and former states’ rights Democrat who joined Whigs, whig in name only |
| Nativism | hating immigrants |
| Know nothings | Nativist Anti-Immigrant political party |
| Transcendentalism | The theory that man has the ability to give up his material possessions & become one w/ the natural universe/God |
| Henry David Thoreau | Embodied the Transcendentalist movement when he gives up all possessions & moves to Walden Pond |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Founder of Transcendentalism movement & leading literary figure |
| Brook Farm |
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