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AP Lang -Terms p.3/4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personification | a figure of speech in which ideas or objects are described as having human qualities or personalities. For example, “The saddened birch bent to the ground.” Personification can make abstractions, animals or inanimate objects more vivid. |
| Persona | the character created by the voice and narration of the speaker of the text. The term persona implies a fictional representation or an act of disguise. |
| Diction | the writer’s word choice. When analyzing, draw the connections between the author's choice of words and their purpose. Why did the author choose these particular words? What effect does the author’s word choice have on the writing? |
| High Diction or Formal Diction | usually contains language that creates an elevated tone. It is free of slang, idioms, colloquialisms, and contractions. |
| Low Diction or Informal Diction | conversational or familiar language, contractions, slang, elision, and grammatical errors designed to convey a relaxed tone. |
| Colloquial/colloquialism | Informal words or phrases that are common in everyday, unconstrained and familiar conversation rather than in formal, academic speech. A writer or speaker may use this to be more relatable to an audience. |
| Denotation | the literal meaning of a word; the dictionary definition of the word. |
| Connotation | the implied, suggested, or non-literal meaning of the word. When analyzing diction, it can be helpful to discuss how the connotative meaning of the word contributes to your overall understanding or argument |
| Jargon | diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity. For example, lawyers! |
| Euphony | the combining of words to create pleasing sounds. It can be found in poetry, literature, songs and everyday speech. The opposite is cacophony. This can be used to enrich your discussion of diction. |
| Cacophony | the combining of words to create jarring, loud, discordant sounds. This can be used to enrich your discussion of diction. |
| Wit | in modern usage, it is intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker’s verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. It is usually terse language that makes a poin |
| Syntax | a writer’s deliberate sentence structure to make a desired point. When analyzing, draw the connection between the author’s syntax and their purpose. Why did the author choose this sentence length, structure etc.) |
| Interrogative Sentence | A type of sentence that asks a question |
| Exclamatory Sentence | main clause that expresses strong feeling |
| Declarative Sentence | a sentence that declares something |
| Imperative Sentence | a sentence that expresses a direct command, request, invitation, warning or request. |
| Polysyndeton | the repetition of conjunctions (and, or, but) in close succession, especially where some could otherwise be omitted, as in: "He ran and jumped and laughed for joy." |
| Pacing | the speed of a story’s action, dialogue, or narration. Some stories are told slowly, some more quickly. Sometimes, when pacing slows there can be a sense that the section is being given special emphasis. |
| Imagery | Specific words and associations that create a mental picture in the reader’s mind by appealing to the five senses. When analyzing imagery, identify it and discuss the way it develops setting, character, symbolism, mood, theme, tone. |
| Metaphors | (an implied comparison that uses one thing as the equivalent of another) - uses imagery |
| similes | (an implicit comparison introduced by like or as), symbols - imagery |
| personification | (a special kind of simile or metaphor in which human traits are assigned to an inanimate object) all use imagery. |
| Irony | occurs when a situation produces an outcome that is opposite of what is expected. In Robert Frost’s poem “Mending Fences,” it is ironic that the presence of a barrier-a fence- keeps a friendship alive. Frost claims, “good fences make good neighbors.” |
| Verbal irony | the words literally state the opposite of what the writer means |
| Situational irony | events turn out the opposite of what is expected |
| Dramatic irony | facts or events are unknown to a character, but known to the reader/ audience |
| Alliteration | The repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginning of words “While I nodded, nearly napping” |
| Juxtaposition: | When two contrasting things-ideas, words or sentence elements- are placed next to each other for comparison. Use juxtaposition of ideas/examples to make a point. antithesis, oxymoron, and foil. more on gc |
| Allegory | a fictional work in which the events, actions, characters, settings or objects represent specific ideas or concepts The interaction between these characters, things and events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth. more on gc |
| Ambiguity (ambiguous) | when a word, phrase, or statement contains more than one meaning |
| YOU WILL DO AMAZING!!! | REMEMBER THAT YOU ARE AMAZING!!! |
Created by:
skwinston
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